Etiqueta: Ilustración en España
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La iglesia aprueba el libreto en italian y castellano de la primera ópera de un barcelonés que se da en Barcelona: Sesostri, re d’Egitto, de Domenico Terradeglias, ya asesinado (supuestamente)
[…]
[argumento]
Lo restante se comprende con la lectura del Tramma, cuyo historico fundamento se ha sacado de Erodoto lib. 2.
PROTESTA. [en la intro]
Las palabras Numen, Hado, Adorado, &c. son simples ornamentos de la Poesia, y no pensamiento del Autor, que se presenta verdadero Catholico.
MUTACIONES DE SCENAS.
EN EL ACTO PRIMERO.
Sitio delicioso con Palacio de Campaña de Fante cerca de Menfis.
Gabinete Real.EN EL ACTO SEGUNDO.
Atrio que conduce à diversos Apartamentos.
Jardin Real.EN EL ACTO TERCERO.
Sala Real.
Gabinete con Trono.
Templo iluminado con el Ara de Amor.[…]
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Alumbrado público con aceite para celebrar el cumpleaños de Fernando VI
Establécese el alumbrado en las calles por medio del aceite, y se celebra con esta mejora el cumpleaños de Fernando VI.
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Restauradas varias instituciones quitadas por Felipe V
Establece Fernando III de Barcelona VI de Castilla una junta de comercio para atender al fomento del mismo, y un consulado para determinar lo contencioso. Restablece el derecho de imperiage, y hace á dicha junta espresa donacion de la casa lonja. Todo esto fue una restauracion de lo que en 1714 habia abolido Felipe V.
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Se refunde Tomasa, la campana mayor de la catedral
Refúndese la campana mayor de la catedral llamada Tomasa.
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Llega desde Nápoles el nuevo rey de España, Carlos III, que gana el amor de los barceloneses perdonándoles una importante suma de impuestos
Desembarca Cárlos III viniendo de Nápoles para ocupar el trono de España.
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Carlos III restituye oficialmente el derecho de portar armas, quitado por Felipe V, y de hecho ya restablecido
Despues de las desgracias y turbaciones que padeció esta monarquía al suceder en su trono el Rey D. Felipe V mi venerado padre, tanto en el largo curso de su glorioso Reinado, cuando en el siguiente del Rey D. Fernando VI mi muy amado hermano, no han cesado los Catalanes de dar pruebas nada equívocas de su lealtad, fidelidad y amor á uno y otro soberano, que en este conocimiento no dudaron valerse de los zelosos esfuerzos del Principado en servicio de la Corona, ni le escasearon las señales de su satisfaccion con diferentes gracias y privilegios en alivio de sus pueblos, y en fomento de su navegacion y comercio: movido Yo de estos ejemplos, de las demostraciones de verdadera alegría con que me recibieron aquellos naturales á mi desembarco en Barcelona y tránsito por el Principado, de los humildes ruegos que sus nobles en general me han hecho por medio del marques de Cartellá y de D. Ramon de Ponsich, diputados en corte de Barcelona para que les restituya el porte y uso de las armas, y con especialidad de los mismos que fueron justamente exceptuados de la prohibicion en aquellos lastimosos tiempos; Y estando como estoy firmamente persuadido de que todos las anhelan, ansiosos de emplearlas ellos y sus descendientes en defensa y servicio mio, y de los mios, he venido en condescender con esta súplica concediendo á toda la nobleza de este Principado el porte y uso de las armas en los mismos términos que las tienen y usan los nobles de las restantes provincias de mis dominios.
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La laboriosidad de los catalanes, consecuencia de una falta de juicio político: a vuestra empresa, pobres
Barcelona, Oct. 28, 1760.
Those who charge the Spaniards with idleness, ought at least to make arr exception in favour of the Catalonian rusticks, whom I found this morning at work by moon-light in the fields, as I walked out of Piera by four o’clock.
How, said I, does it happen, that these people are so diligent in quitting their beds, and rise so early for such a purpose? Surely the fellows get up thus betimes to their labours, that they may avoid fatiguing themselves during the burning hours of the noon.
See how travellers are quick in finding out the reason of things! I had scarce formed the thought, when I laughed at my ill-natured sagacity, as I recollected that the weather was then so cold, that the mid-day hours could not prove troublesome to the husbandmen. Let therefore the honest fellows have the praise they so well deserve of an activity and industry, which is perhaps not to be matched any where.
Nor is that activity the only quality in them that merits my commendation. Their piety has likewise a just claim to it, as I heard them loudly recite their prayers while they busied themselves with their lopping-knives about their vines and mulberry-trees.
I have been at times an early riser myself in several countries, most especially when on a journey. But although the peasantry of every country be in general very ready to get up betimes to their works, yet I never observed them any where to rise so early, as I find them to do in the neighbourhood of Piera.
My good Canon assures me, that the Aragonians do not yield much to the Catalans in this particular; yet he owns that the Catalans are the most active people throughout Spain, and assigns a good reason for it. The reason is, says he, that, from the age of fifteen to sixty, the poor Catalans are obliged to pay a capitation of forty four reals annually, besides their quota of the taxes that are laid in common on all subjects. That heavy capitation, continues the Canon, was laid on the Catalans by Philip V, to punim them for their obstinate adherence to his competitor Charles in the long succession-war as they call it.
See what the little get by meddling in the contests of the great! The common people of Catalonia, and the peasantry especially, had surely no need of concerning themselves about the succession, as, whoever conquered, they were still to continue under an uncontroled government. But the multitude was always foolish throughout the world, and is always made a tool to carry points that concern them but very little, or very remotely: nor will they ever be persuaded, that with respect to them, it matters but very little how and by whom they are governed. Instead of holding their peace, and playing merely the spectators, as some other Spaniards did upon that occasion; instead of leaving the two princes to fight it out as well as they could, the silly Catalans listened to the seducive voice of numerous emissaries from Austria and from England, who made them believe they would all be rich, all happy, all glorious, if Charles could prevail. The effect of such promises was, that the poor fellows quitted their ploughs and their looms, took up swords and firelocks, and marched bravely against Philip, declaring that they would have a German king, and not a French one.
But what availed their declarations and their fighting! Philip prevailed, because the Germans could do but little for Charles; and the English, who had long supported him powerfully, grew at last tired of it, and dropped him. Deserted and given up by the allies of Charles, the wretched Catalans were considered by the victor as rebels and traytors. Many of them had fallen in war; but they were now hanged, beheaded, sent to the gallies, and harasled and tormente’d in other various ways. Then a capitation was laid upon them, and entailed upon their posterity, are now forced to get up long before the sun to earn it, and atone for the great folly of their forefathers. Tuas res age is the best general advice that prudence can give; and if every Catalan, instead of Biva el Rey Don Carlos, had said to himself and to his countrymen tuas res age, they might have prevented the great calamities that overtook them for the want of such an advice.
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Fundación de la Conferencia Physycomatemática Experimental
La academia de ciencias naturales y artes da principio á sus trabajos con el título de conferencias de física esperimental.
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Casanova sobrevive a un intento de asesinato y es encarcelado en la Ciudadela durante 42 días después de follar la amante del Capitán General de Cataluña
I had been in Barcelona for a week, and was beginning to wonder why I had not heard from Nina; but one evening she wrote me a note, begging me to come on foot and alone to her house at ten o’clock the same night.
If I had been wise I should not have gone, for I was not in love with the woman, and should have remembered the respect due to the viceroy; but I was devoid of all wisdom and prudence. All the misfortunes I have experienced in my long life never taught me those two most necessary virtues.
At the hour she had named I called on her, wearing my great coat, and with a sword for my only weapon. I found Nina with her sister, a woman of thirty-six or thereabouts, who was married to an Italian dancer, nicknamed Schizza, because he had a flatter nose than any Tartar.
Nina had just been supping with her lover, who had left her at ten o’clock, according to his invariable custom.
She said she was delighted to hear I had been to dinner with him, as she had herself spoken to him in my praise, saying how admirably I had kept her company at Valentia.
«I am glad to hear it, but I do not think you are wise in inviting me to your house at such late hours.»
«I only do so to avoid scandal amongst my neighbours.»
«In my opinion my coming so late is only likely to increase the probability of scandal, and to make your viceroy jealous.»
«He will never hear of your coming.»
«I think you are mistaken.»
I went away at midnight, after a conversation of the most decent character. Her sister did not leave us for a moment, and Nina gave her no cause to suspect the intimacy of our relations.
I went to see her every evening, without encroaching on the count’s preserves. I thought myself secure, but the following warning should have made me desist if I had not been carried away by the forces of destiny and obstinacy in combination.
An officer in the Walloon Guards accosted me one day as I was walking by myself just outside the town. He begged me in the most polite manner to excuse him if he spoke on a matter which was indifferent to him but of great consequence to me.
«Speak, sir,» I replied, «I will take whatever you say in good part.»
«Very good. You are a stranger, sir, and may not be acquainted with our Spanish manners, consequently you are unaware of the great risk you run in going to see Nina every evening after the count has left her.»
«What risk do I run? I have no doubt that the count knows all about it and does not object.»
«I have no doubt as to his knowing it, and he may possibly pretend to know nothing before her, as he fears as well as loves her; but if she tells you that he does not object, she either deceives herself or you. He cannot love her without being jealous, and a jealous Spaniard . . .
«Follow my advice, sir, and forgive my freedom.»
«I am sincerely obliged to you for your kind interest in me, but I cannot follow your advice, as by doing so I should be wanting in politeness to Nina, who likes to see me and gives me a warm welcome. I shall continue to visit her till she orders me not to do so, or till the count signifies to me his displeasure at my visits to his mistress.»
«The count will never do such a thing; he is too careful of his dignity.»
The worthy officer then narrated to me all the acts of injustice which Ricla had committed since he had fallen in love with this woman. He had dismissed gentlemen from his service on the mere suspicion that they were in love with her; some had been exiled, and others imprisoned on one frivolous pretext or another. Before he had known Nina he had been a pattern of wisdom, justice, and virtue, and now he had become unjust, cruel, blindly passionate, and in every way a scandal to the high position he occupied.
All this should have influenced me, but it had not the slightest effect. I told him for politeness’ sake that I would endeavour to part from her by degrees, but I had no intention of doing so.
When I asked him how he knew that I visited Nina, he laughed and said it was a common topic of conversation all over the town.
The same evening I called on her without mentioning my conversation with the officer. There would have been some excuse for me if I had been in love with her, but as it was . . . I acted like a madman.
On the 14th of November I went to see her at the usual time. I found her with a man who was shewing her miniatures. I looked at him and found that he was the scoundrel Passano, or Pogomas.
My blood boiled; I took Nina’s hand and led her into a neighbouring room, and told her to dismiss the rogue at once, or I would go to return no more.
«He’s a painter.»
«I am well acquainted with his history, and will tell you all about it presently; but send him away, or I shall go.»
She called her sister, and told her to order the Genoese to leave the house and never to enter it again.
The thing was ‘done in a moment, but the sister told us that as he went out he had said,—
«Se ne pentira.» («He shall be sorry for it.»).
I occupied an hour in relating some of the injuries I had received from this scoundrelly fellow.
The next day (November 15th), I went to Nina at the usual time, and after spending two hours in pleasant converse with her and her sister I went out as the clocks were striking midnight.
The door of the house was under an arcade, which extended to the end of the street. It was a dark night; and I had scarcely gone twenty-five paces when two men suddenly rushed at me.
I stepped back, drawing my sword, and exclaiming, «Assassins!» and then with a rapid movement, I thrust my blade into the body of the nearest assailant. I then left the arcade, and began to run down the street. The second assassin fired a pistol at me, but it fortunately missed me. I fell down and dropped my hat in my rapid flight, and got up and continued my course without troubling to pick it up. I did not know whether I was wounded or not, but at last I got to my inn, and laid down the bloody sword on the counter, under the landlord’s nose. I was quite out of breath.
I told the landlord what had happened, and on taking off my great coat, I found it to be pierced in two places just below the armpit.
«I am going to bed,» I said to the landlord, «and I leave my great coat and the sword in your charge. Tomorrow morning I shall ask you to come with me before the magistrate to denounce this act of assassination, for if the man was killed it must be shewn that I only slew him to save my own life.»
«I think your best plan would be to fly Barcelona immediately.»
«Then you think I have not told you the strict truth?»
«I am sure you have; but I know whence the blow comes, and God knows what will befall you!»
«Nothing at all; but if I fly I shall be accounted guilty. Take care of the sword; they tried to assassinate me, but I think the assassins got the worst of it.»
I went to bed somewhat perturbed, but I had the consoling thought that if I had killed a man I had done so to self-defence; my conscience was quite clear.
At seven o’clock the next morning I heard a knocking at my door. I opened it, and saw my landlord, accompanied by an officer, who told me to give him all my papers, to dress, and to follow him, adding that he should be compelled to use force in case of resistance.
«I have no intention of resisting,» I replied. «By whose authority do you ask me for my papers?»
«By the authority of the governor. They will be returned to you if nothing suspicious is found amongst them.»
«Where are you going to take me?»
«To the citadel.»
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Traslado del archivo de la corona de Aragón del palacio real al archivo de la Audiencia
Traslacion del archivo de la corona de Aragon desde el palacio real al archivo de la Audiencia.
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Fundación del antecesor de la Real Academia de Medicina de Cataluña
Erígese la academia médico-práctica.
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Un italiano compra dos caballos y comenta lo fácil que es el español
Munito in tal guisa di questi possenti scudi contro l’ozio e la noia (ma invano, poichè sempre ozioso e noioso altrui e a me stesso rimanevami), partii per la Spagna verso il mezzo agosto. E per Orleans, Tours, Poitiers, Bordeaux e Toulouse, attraversata senza occhi la più bella e ridente parte della Francia, entrai in Ispagna per la via di Perpignano; e Barcellona fu la prima città dove mi volli alquanto trattenere da Parigi in poi. In tutto questo lungo tratto di viaggio non facendo per lo più altro che piangere tra me e me soletto in carrozza, ovvero a cavallo, di quando in quando andava pur ripigliando alcun tometto del mio Montaigne, il quale da più di un anno non avea più guardato in viso. Questa lettura spezzata mi andava restituendo un pocolino di senno e di coraggio, ed una qualche consolazione anche me la dava.
Alcuni giorni dopo essere arrivato a Barcellona, siccome i miei cavalli inglesi erano rimasti in Inghilterra, venduti tutti, fuorchè il bellissimo lasciato in custodia al marchese Caraccioli; e siccome io senza cavalli non son neppur mezzo, subito comprai due cavalli, di cui uno d’Andalusia della razza dei certosini di Xerez, stupendo animale, castagno d’oro; l’altro un’Hacha cordovese, più piccolo, ma eccellente, e spiritosissimo. Dacchè era nato sempre avea desiderato cavalli di Spagna, che difficilmente si possono estrarre: onde non mi parea vero di averne due si belli; e questi mi sollevavano assai più che Montaigne. E su questi io disegnava di fare tutto il mio viaggio di Spagna, dovendo la carrozza andare a corte giornate a passo di mula, stante che posta per le carrozze non v’è stabilita, nè vi potrebbe essere attese le pessime strade di tutto quel regno affricanissimo. Qualche indisposizionuccia avendomi costretto di soggiornare in Barcellona sino ai primi di novembre, in quel frattempo col mezzo di una grammatica e vocabolario spagnuolo mi era messo da me a leggicchiare quella bellissima lingua, che riesce facile a noi Italiani; ed in fatti tanto leggeva il Don Quixote, e bastantemente lo intendeva e gustava: ma in ciò molto mi riusciva di aiuto l’averlo già altre volte letto in francese.
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Se abre la Escuela Gratuita de Diseño, después la Llotja, sin esperar permiso oficial
Ábrese la escuela gratuita de dibujo á cargo de la Junta de Comercio.
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Sobre san Emiterio, Emeterio, Meterio, Medí, Madi, Matino o incluso Medir
Del labrador S. Emeterio, ó Meterio.
78 El nombre de este santo se escribe Emiterio, Emeterio, y Meterio (que en lengua vulgar es S. Medí y Madi), y también se lee Matino en la oracion impresa por Domenec sobre el dia 3 de marzo. Todos denotan una misma persona, nombrada con variedad, pues en una misma escritura de las que le expresan en el monasterio de S. Cucufate, se lee Emeterius y Meterius, como asegura el docto padre Caresmar, que las ha reconocido.
79 Sirven estas escrituras para autorizar lo perpetuado que hasta ellas venia el culto de san Emeterio, pues una que corresponde al año 1111, dice: In termino S. Cucufatis, in valle quem vocant Gausaco, in loco quem dicunt S. Emeterii martyris. Otra del año 1117 expresa: Domos S. Meterii… Olivae quoque sint ad illuminandum ecclesiam S. Meterii. Sunt vero haec omnia in comitatu Barchinona in termino S. Cucufatis, in valle S. Meterii, in locum qui dicitur Campus de Olivaria, etc. Otra añade la carga de dar una libra de cera anualmente para la fiesta de san Emeterio: Donetis per unumquemque annum libram unam cerae ad festum S. Emeterii: y otra refiriendo límites usa de los dos nombres expresados: In ipso rivo, qui est ante domum S. Emeterii… ut teneas in vita tua in servitio S. Cucufatis et S. Meterii, etc. año de 1047. Por cuyas escrituras se vé el culto, la fiesta, la iglesia, lámparas y cera, con el sitio de la dicha iglesia, cerca de la de S. Cucufate, donde se mantiene su templo con muestras de notable antigüedad, que aunque no sea tanta como la de el año CCCCXXXXVII, grabados en una piedra sobre la puerta, autoriza mucha antigüedad en el culto. Véase el citado Caresmar en la disertación de S. Severo, desde la pág. 85.
80 En esta iglesia (intitulada S. Medi, que se pone en el mapa cerca de S. Cugat), tiene culto particular el santo, donde se celebra en el dia tres de marzo, propio de S. Emeterio y Celedonio, por hallar su nombre en aquel dia, no por corresponder al martirio, pues el Labrador padecio en el dia que S. Severo, 6 de noviembre. Allí persevera la memoria del campo donde sembraba las habas; y dos de estas se guardan entre las reliquias del monasterio de S. Cucufate, no enteras, sino quebrantadas en cinco partes, que muestran corresponder al tamaño de dos habas, pero entero cada fragmento sin corrupcion. El monasterio se halla firmemente persuadido á ser habas de las sembradas por el Santo: y aunque los bolandianos no se inclinan á esto, es sin prueba; y los inconvenientes que se aleguen, perderán la fuerza con el hecho de mantenerse allí las reliquias de S. Cucufate y S. Emeterio, que el mencionado Caresmar asegura haver visto conservadas allí muy religiosamente [p. 93]: y los siglos y guerras que no bastaron á extraer ni consumir los cuerpos de los santos, tampoco debieron prevalecer contra las habas, por ser mano superior la que dio perpetuidad á las reliquias.
81 Consta pues la tradicion del martirio y culto de S. Emeterio el Labrador, que demas de las escrituras alegadas, perpetuaron unas pinturas, referidas por Domenec, como existentes en el altar antiquísimo de la iglesia de S. Madi, con el santo sembrando las habas y estas floreciendo. Refiere Domenec no saberse el sitio del cuerpo de S. Emeterio, aunque se inclina á que fué transladado como el cuerpo de S. Severo al monasterio de S. Cucufate, y allí existe, como nos asegura Caresmar, que dice haberlo visto.
82 Propagóse tambien el culto de S. Medi por otros lugares de Cataluña que tienen su nombre, y por iglesias, llegando hasta S. Isidro el Real de Madrid, donde tiene estatua en el altar mayor con las de otros santos labradores.
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Inauguración del cementerio de Poblenou, un hito en la historia del cementerio en España
Por paradoja la construcción de cementerios se justificaba incluso por motivos piadosos; en efecto, cuando se llenaban las sepulturas de las Iglesias, para limpiarlas había que echar los huesos a lugares profanos, pero la consideración de que estos huesos podían pertenecer a bienaventurados creaba problemas a cuantos no podían sufrir que fuesen depositados en sitio poco decente. Por este motivo el obispo de Barcelona José Climent mandó construir a sus expensas un cementerio común a todas las parroquias y lo consagró con toda solemnidad para que el pueblo dedujera el respeto que se merecía aquel lugar. En la ceremonia pronunció una «Plática que en conformitat de lo que disposa lo Pontifical Romá, feu lo Illustrissim Senyor Bisbe de Barcelona, en lo día 13 de Mars de este any 1775, antes de comencar la bendició del cementery, que de orden y a costas de su Illustrissima se ha construit comú a totes les parroquies de esta ciutat»: de este modo contribuyó a la aceptación de este tipo de enterramiento.
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Una representación de Cid Campeador; la situación militar-pirata
Barcelona, November 10, 1775.
YESTERDAY, being the festival of Saint Charles Borromeo, the king’s patron, was kept as a day of Gala. All the officers waited upon the governor in grand uniform; the theatre was illuminated, and crowded with well-drest company, which made a very handsome shew; the price of admittance was raised from half a pistreen to a whole one. The pit is divided into seats, let by the year, each person keeping his own key; the boxes are taken for the season, and the upper gallery is filled with women in white veils, and no men allowed to sit among them; so that a stranger is at a loss for a place.The play was the Cid Campeador, an historical tragedy, written with a great deal of fire, and force of character. The actors, in the old Spanish habit and Moorish garment, seemed to enter more than usual into the sense of the author. In all tragedies they drop a curtesy, instead of bowing, to kings and heroes. A pretty ballad was sung by a woman, in the smart dress of a Maja or coquette: she wore her hair in a scarlet net, with tassels; a striped gauze handkerchief crossed over her breast; a rich jacket, flowered apron, and brocade petticoat. I observed the pit was crowded with clergymen*.
I passed the morning in the cabinet of natural history belonging to Mr. Salvador. The botanical specimens are the most perfect part of the collection, though, he possesses many rare things in every other branch of that study. This afternoon has been employed in copying out lists of the Spanish forces, with their regulations; a succinct account of which may perhaps be interesting to you at this period, when our politicians in England
seem so much afraid of them, and whilst their late unsuccessful attempt against Algiers still renders them the general topic of conversation.* Since the fire which in 1778 consumed the theatre at Saragosa, the king has forbidden any playhouses to be opened, except in the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, and Cadiz.
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Nace Alí Bey
Nace D. Domingo Badía y Leblich conocido entre los turcos y árabes por Aly-Bey-el-Abbassi.
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El Reglamento y Aranceles Reales para el Comercio Libre de España a Indias acaba con el monopolio gaditano y abre los mercados americanos a Barcelona
Como desde mi exaltación al Trono de España fue siempre el primer objeto de mis atenciones y cuidados la felicidad de mis amados Vasallos de estos Reinos y los de Indias, he ido dispensando a unos y otros, las muchas gracias y beneficios que deben perpetuarse en su memoria y reconocimiento. Y considerando Yo, que sólo un Comercio, libre y protegido entre Españoles Europeos, y Americanos, puede restablecer en mis Dominios la Agricultura, la Industria y la Población a su antiguo vigor…
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Estreno en castellano (los mortales) e italiano (los dioses) de la «comedia heróica» «La Union del Reyno de Aragon con el Condado de Barcelona» como alegoría de la de España y Nápoles tras la dominación austracista
[…]
Los amores de Doña Elisenda y Doña Gimihilda junto con la introduccion del Embaxador de Castilla, se han tenido por episodios verosimiles; pero necesarios para el enlace de la pieza, en la que á fin de seguir con mas puntualidad lo verdadero de la historia, no se han observado enteramente las reglas de las unidades.
EXPLICACION DEL BAYLE
Un gallardo mancebo, que significará la juventud Española, acompañado de la experiencia figurada en un venerable anciano, sale á emprender la carrera del heroísmo; para cuya gloriosa empresa el Teatro presentará á la vista del Espectador una Scena de bosque, á cuyo lado derecho estará pintado el camino de la virtuda aspero al parecer y fragoso, aunque en realidad ameno y descansado, y al izquierdo el camino del vicio llano y sembrado de flores, pero peligroso y enredado.
[…]
… entrará en el templo del heroísmo, fabricado sobre resplandecientes nubes, en cuyos nichos se verá colocada la série de los Reyes de España de la casa de Borbon, y enmedio el retrato de S. M. el del serenisimo Señor Principe de las Asturias y del Rey de Napoles el Señor D. Fernando IV. cuyo debido obsequio es el objeto de esta fiesta, concluyendose el bayle con un armonioso y vistosisimo concierto.
[…]
LA MUSICA DE LA PEQUEÑA PIEZA CANTADA ES DE invencion del Señor Antonio Tozzi…
[…]
Oh mi Dios! y que dichas ya preveo
en este punto yo! sino me engaño
se eleva el corazon sobre sí mismo,
y forma de esta union dulces presagios.
Ya me parece ver que á los Ramiros
suceden los Alfonsos, los Fernandos,
y que aumenta su gloria y su fortuna
la estirpe esclarecida de los Carlos.FIN.