Etiqueta: españa

  • Un incendio destroza «El Siglo»

    On Jan. 6 the Three Wise Men leave presents in the shoes of Spanish children, to whom stocking-stuffing Santa Claus is a stranger. This week citizens of Barcelona had barely begun to buy toys when fire totally destroyed on Christmas Day the seven buildings of El Siglo, «Spain’s Largest Department Store» which was crammed with toys against the coming of the Three Wise Men.

    Barcelona firemen arrived at 11 a. m., coupled hoses to fire hydrants. There was only a trickle. It took a full hour for the Barcelona Water Works to get up fighting pressure. By that time El Siglo was a $4,000,000 bonfire, belching hundreds of feet in air, impossible to extinguish. When firemen were finally able to fight, the best they could do was wet down nearby buildings including El Banco Hispano Colonial from which cash, securities and gold had been hastily removed.

    [Published 1933/01/02]

  • Entra en fuerza la ley de vagos y maleantes

    Ben Freeman, Vagrants and Criminals: Church, the State and Gay Rights in Spain and Paraguay
    In 1933, lawyer Jimenez de Asua drafted the now-infamous Law of Vagrants and Criminals []. Scholar Nathan Baidez explains that the original law had a “preventative character” and that it had the “goal of rehabilitating the individual.” Indeed, the law’s stated purpose was originally to “rid the cities of the presence of people who live a bad life without resorting to police methods that belong to the margins of legality and that trample liberty.” While homophobia certainly existed in Spain during the Republican period, it did not become rampant and legalized until the Franco regime won the Spanish Civil War in 1939.

  • José Antonio: el encaje de Cataluña en España

    [Discurso en el Parlamento el 30 de noviembre]

    … hay muchas maneras de agraviar a Cataluña, como hay muchas maneras de agraviar a todas las tierras de España, y una de las maneras de agraviar a Cataluña es precisamente entenderla mal; es precisamente no querer entenderla.

    Lo digo porque para muchos este problema es una mera simulación; para otros este problema catalán no es más que un pleito de codicia: la una y la otra son actitudes perfectamente injustas y perfectamente torpes. Cataluña es muchas cosas, mucho más profundamente que un pueblo mercantil; Cataluña es un pueblo profundamente sentimental; el problema de Cataluña no es un problema de importación y exportación; es un problema dificilísimo de sentimientos.

    Pero también es torpe la actitud de querer resolver el problema de Cataluña reputándolo de artificial. Yo no conozco manera más candoroso, y aun más estúpida, de ocultar la cabeza bajo el ala que la de sostener, como hay quienes sostienen, que ni Cataluña tiene lengua propia, ni tiene costumbres propias, ni tiene historia propia, ni tiene nada. Si esto fuera así, naturalmente, no habría problema de Cataluña y no tendríamos que molestarnos ni en estudiarlo ni en resolverlo; pero no es eso lo que ocurre, señores, y todos lo sabemos muy bien. Cataluña existe con toda su individualidad, y muchas regiones de España existen con su individualidad, y si queremos conocer cómo es España, y si queremos dar una estructura a España, tenemos que arrancar de lo que España en realidad ofrece; y precisamente el negarlo, además de la torpeza que antes os decía, envuelve la de plantear el problema en el terreno más desfavorable para quienes pretenden defender la unidad de España, porque si nos obstinamos en negar que Cataluña y otras regiones tienen características propias, es porque tácitamente reconocemos que en esas características se justifica la nacionalidad, y entonces tenemos el pleito perdido si se demuestra, como es evidentemente demostrable, que muchos pueblos de España tienen esas características.

    Por eso soy de los que creen que la justificación de España está en una cosa distinta: que España no se justifica por tener una lengua, ni por ser una raza, ni por ser un acervo de costumbres, sino que España se justifica por una vocación imperial para unir lenguas, para unir razas, para unir pueblos y para unir costumbres en un destino universal; que España es mucho más que una raza y es mucho más que una lengua, porque es algo que se expresa de un modo del que estoy cada vez más satisfecho, porque es una unidad de destino en lo universal.

    Con sólo esto, veréis que en la posición que estoy sosteniendo no hay nada que choque de una manera profunda con la idea de una pluralidad legislativa. España es así, ha sido varia, y su variedad no se opuso nunca a su grandeza; pero lo que tenemos que examinar en cada caso, cuando avancemos hacia esta variedad legislativa, es si está bien sentada la base inconfundible de lo que forma la nacionalidad española; es decir, si está bien asentada la conciencia de la unidad de destino. Esto es lo que importa, y es muy importante repetirlo una y muchas veces, porque en este mismo salón se ha expuesto, desde distintos sitios, una doctrina de las autonomías que yo reputo temeraria. Se ha dicho que la autonomía viene a ser un reconocimiento de la personalidad de una región; que se gana la autonomía precisamente por las regiones más diferenciadas, por las regiones que han alcanzado la mayoría de edad, por las regiones que presentan caracteres más típicos; yo agradecería –y creo que España nos lo agradecería a todos– que meditásemos sobre esto: si damos las autonomías como premio de una diferenciación, corremos el riesgo gravísimo de que esa misma autonomía sea estímulo para ahondar la diferenciación. Si se gana la autonomía distinguiéndose con caracteres muy hondos del resto de las tierras de España, corremos el riesgo de que al entregar la autonomía invitemos a ahondar esas diferencias con el resto de las tierras de España. Por eso entiendo que cuando una región solicita la autonomía, en vez de inquirir si tiene las características propias más o menos marcadas, lo que tenemos que inquirir es hasta qué punto está arraigada en su espíritu la conciencia de la unidad de destino; que si la conciencia de la unidad de destino está bien arraigada en el alma colectiva de una región, apenas ofrece ningún peligro que demos libertades a esa región para que, de un modo o de otro, organice su vida interna.

    ¿Es éste el caso de Cataluña? Los que le concedieron el Estatuto debieron presumir que sí. 0 los que le concedieron el Estatuto fueron traidores a España, sospecha para la cual debiéramos todos tener nuestros motivos, o los que le concedieron el Estatuto pensaron que la conciencia de la unidad de destino estaba tan arraigada en Cataluña que el Estatuto no iba a ser nunca instrumento de disgregación y podía ponerse en sus manos sin ningún peligro para la unidad. Ahora bien: aquello que, en el mejor caso, fue una presunción de los que concedieron el Estatuto a Cataluña, ha sido evidentemente destruido por la prueba en contrario. Los dos años de experiencia de Cataluña han sido dos años de deshispanización, y si en dos años se avanzó lo que se avanzó en el camino de la deshispanización, con el instrumento puesto en manos de los que ejercieron el gobierno de Cataluña no es ya temerario, sino que, por el contrario, la presunción se invierte, pensar que si dejamos entregado este Estatuto en manos semejantes (porque ninguna garantía tenemos de que el pueblo catalán piense cambiar de directores), probablemente comprometemos, ponemos en trance de pérdida definitiva, el sentido de la unidad de destino nacional que debemos exigir arraigado en todas las tierras de España.

    […]

  • «Companys consigue la autonomía para Cataluña»

    The hotheaded, toothbrush-mustached Spanish Catalan, Luis Companys, became a rebel when he added to the chaos of Spain’s October 1934 revolution by declaring his native province, rich, industrial Catalonia, an independent republic. He became a martyr when the Government sent him to jail for 30 years. He became a hero when the Left victory in the Spanish general election last month sent him and 30,000 other rebels of 1934 rollicking out of Spain’s jails. This week he became a liberator when he wangled from Spain’s Republican Premier Manuel Azaña «local autonomy» for Catalonia. In Spain old issues never die, and States’ Rights is the deathless battle cry of Catalonia & Companys.

  • La CNT incauta el vapor soviético Ziryanin y se sorprende al no encontrar armas; estética anarquista

    Suddenly the excitement and enthusiasm of July 19 raced through the tertulias with the news, ‘We are not alone! Help has come!’

    Collectivized factory whistles all over the town shrilled a half-holiday. Thousands of anarchists flooded the Ramblas and the port in disorderly masses, carrying their factories’ somber black or rojinegra banners. The F.A.I.’s Free Women (Mujeres Libres) went down the Ramblas eight abreast, breaking all anarchist tradition by singing and shouting in their excitement. Usually anarchist parades achieved their effect by massing silent thousands of black-clad workers in an austere, serious or threatening manner. They dislike the gay color and sound demonstrations of the ‘carnival revolutionists’ (as they called the communists).

    The Stalinist Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya (P.S.U.C.) sent just such a colorful delegation to greet the Ziryanin. The revolutionary Patrols of Control cordoned off the pier and did not let the P.S.U.C on the ship. Instead, the F.A.I. cadres searched it for arms. They found a cargo of beans and chocolate. The disgusted anarchists hauled down the hammer and sickle and ran up the libertarian rojinegra. Food was not what the antifascists needed in October, 1936.

  • Las calles de Barcelona, relaciones entre el POUM y otros partidos

    Left Perpignan with the two Swiss comrades and a comrade from the POUM at 12.30 hours. The border control at the French border town of Cerbère took place on the train and went quite quickly without problems. The Spanish border town is Port-Bou, and you arrive there in a few minutes through a tunnel. The controls there are carried out predominantly by the CNT people and they are very thorough. Due to the presence of comrades from the POUM our control went through very quickly.

    Left Port-Bou for Barcelona at about three o’clock. The train had been taken over by the CNT, and they carried out a very careful passport check on the way to Barcelona. The third class compartments of the train were very overcrowded. Everybody there was a worker, or at least was wearing workers’ clothes, or military people, etc. The atmosphere was lively, cheerful and confident. As we reached the outskirts of Barcelona the Internationale was being sung in several carriages. At the station there was a further baggage check.

    The POUM comrade took us from the station to the Hotel Falcón in the Ramblas (the main street) where we were immediately billeted. From there the POUM comrade took us on to the Executive Committee of the POUM, where I met Arquer who had been at the Brussels conference. I also met Bonet, the treasurer of the Executive Committee. I told them the purpose of my visit and gave the treasurer $200 from the American CP(O). He told me that an official receipt would appear in La Batalla and in other POUM papers. In reply to my question Arquer told me that an international conference would take place in mid-January. The POUM regarded the Brussels conference as a failure. Arquer explained to me that he found it incomprehensible and contradictory that we should reject the politics of the Communist International but accept the internal politics of the Soviet Union. I tried to enlighten him as to our position in this matter, but I did not get the impression that I was successful. Arquer and Bonet belong to the Maurín wing of the POUM.

    The former Trotskyists who are on the Executive Committee come fairly close to defending the Trotskyist position on the Soviet Union. The others make concessions to this Trotskyist position but do not adhere to it too closely. But it is quite clear from their official papers that the Maurín wing rejects our position on the Soviet Union. However, it must be added that, according to the statements of our German comrades, who are closely connected with the POUM membership, it would seem that some of the members are very critical of their Executive’s position on the Soviet Union. This is not an insignificant point. It stems mainly from a reaction to the change of line adopted by the Soviet Union in respect of delivery of weapons and food to Spain. However, the mood of the POUM members can be summed up like this: they want a good and friendly relationship with the Soviet Union and reject any anti-Bolshevik tendencies, but they are nevertheless determined to prevent any Soviet and Comintern influence on their policies in Spain or Catalonia.

    The membership is quite convinced that it is they who should determine policy in Catalonia, and are therefore not interested in being dictated to by the representatives of the Comintern and the Soviet Union. This especially hits home as regards the policy of the Popular Front and their slogan, ‘For the Defence of Bourgeois Democracy’, which is expressed on a whole number of issues formulated by the party of the Comintern in Catalonia, the PSUC. There is sharp opposition to the PSUC. Every day there are vigorous polemics in the POUM and PSUC papers. The POUM’s attitude to the PSUC largely determines the attitude of the POUM membership to the politics of the Comintern.

    The Ramblas is crowded with people until late at night. The cafés and bars are all full. The public appears thoroughly proletarian according to their clothes and so on. There are few bourgeois around. You get the impression that the town is thoroughly controlled by proletarian elements. The houses are plastered with posters from the CNT, FAI, POUM and PSUC. There are hardly any posters from the Esquerra to be seen anywhere. Along the Ramblas a row of large kiosks with newspapers, books and portraits have been set up by individual political parties. The proletarian appearance of the crowds makes the street scenes reminiscent of Moscow in the immediate post-revolutionary years. There are a lot of milicianos in leather or silk jackets, and countless workers’ patrols carrying weapons. It is rare to see the khaki of a regular soldier’s uniform. The only police are traffic police in blue uniforms and white pith helmets. These police no longer have the power of arrest.

    Along the length of the Ramblas are countless loudspeakers bringing reports from the front and messages from abroad, and playing revolutionary and sometimes popular music. The crowds in the street seem lively, self confident and optimistic. There is not the vaguest glimmer of depression. The news broadcast over the loudspeakers is eagerly discussed by the masses. It would appear that, even in respect to the fate of Madrid,[The battle for Madrid began on 8 November 1936.] there is no nervousness. Unlike Moscow in the early years, the shops in the Ramblas are nearly all open for business.

    I met some of our comrades right away in the Hotel Falcón. By coincidence comrade [Karl Heidenreich] happened to be there too, on leave from the front. Here too the mood was thoroughly confident.

  • TIME: las batallas internas de los nacionalistas e izquierdistas complican la lucha

    That no simple civil war of two Spains, Leftists and Rightists, is being fought, made itself clear again last week as some other Spains became active afresh, notably the Basques and the Catalonians. These regions are violently separatist, even when Spain is at peace. The fact that today Catalonians and Basques are both classed as being with the Leftists of Valencia and Madrid makes them no less rugged individualists.

    In Barcelona, the capital of more or less autonomous Catalonia (through which supplies for Madrid enter Spain in a steady stream), local President Luis Companys umpired a heroic political dogfight in which the Cabinet of this one of the Spains fell. At last Barcelona’s quarreling hot anarchists & communists and warmed-over socialists & republicans grew so helplessly embroiled that most of them seemed relieved when President Companys agreed last week to add the Premiership of Catalonia temporarily to his other offices and worries. Dispatches reaching Valencia said that what had chiefly been accomplished at Barcelona was to «oust the anarchists from their previous control of the police.»

  • Comunismo, separatismo, anarquismo

    Companys & Co.

    The Spanish spotlight, focused for the past month on the Basque capital at Bilbao, swung last week to Barcelona, greatest industrial city in Spain and chief port remaining in Leftist hands. Catalan Barcelona, like Basque Bilbao, is the capital of a group of Spain’s 50 provinces, which since the Revolution have tended to become more & more autonomous. Unlike Bilbao, Barcelona has not been seriously threatened by Rightists since the first weeks of the civil war.

    Rugged individualists like most Spaniards, the Barcelonians have decked their buildings with many a discordant banner: the five-barred red-&-yellow flag of Catalonia, the red-yellow-&-purple of the Valencia Republic, the red flag of Communism, the black-&-red banner of Anarcho-Syndicalists. There are a number of other parties of varying opinions, all demanding a share in the Government. Nowhere else in the world are Communists so decisively ranked among the conservatives. That is because in Catalonia, Communists believe in discipline, as opposed to the free-for-all philosophy of the pure Anarchists, largest and most troublesome group in the state. The main reason that government is possible at all in Catalonia is due to the extraordinary talent for compromise of Catalonia’s president, excitable Luis Companys. President Companys has been in & out of jails much of his political career, has long fought for Catalan independence, speaks of Spain as «the Iberian Peninsula.» His technique with his spluttering allies is to promise them everything with the greatest goodwill. This worked moderately well for many months in keeping peace in Barcelona, but did nothing at all to help the hard-pressed Leftist armies fight the war. President Companys was too busy keeping peace at home to send many men to the front.

    Suddenly last week the Companys technique did not work at all. Late at night telephone communications with France were mysteriously cut. Hours later the story began to filter out of Barcelona that Anarchists had revolted against the Companys Government. Almost instantly jumbled barricades sprang up along the tree-lined Ramblas. The streets echoed with the Carong! Carong! of machine guns, the Hahp! of light artillery. Immediate objective of the Anarchist Black-&-Reds was the Barcelona telephone exchange, a building almost as imposing as the telephone skyscraper of Madrid. This they seized and held for seven hours. Hero of the revolt then became Barcelona’s Police Chief Rodriguez Sola, who personally led a frontal attack on the building, captured the first floor, methodically started mopping up from stair to stair.

    Loudly President Companys called for peace and unity to face the common foe, warned that the Catalans were leaving the way open for a raid from General Franco’s Rightists. No such raid came, but before peace was restored over 300 people had been killed and according to reports the Valencia Government, to police Barcelona, had had to withdraw 12.000 badly needed troops from the Aragon front. Heretofore careful to avoid mixing in local Catalan squabbles, Valencia also moved in General Sebastian Pozas to be military commander of Catalonia.

    […]

  • Largo Caballero y Companys, decididos a derrotar a los anarquistas

    The entire effectiveness of the Leftist Government has been in the series of compromises making it possible for a mixed salad of political parties to work in some sort of harmony. Immediately behind last week’s Cabinet crisis was the brief Anarchist revolt in Barcelona of fortnight ago (TIME. May 17). Premier Largo Caballero and President Luis Companys of Catalonia are both secretly determined to put the Anarchists, most hot-headed of Leftist groups, in their places, but the Anarchists are politically potent.

  • Companys deniega permiso a los anarquistas para conmemorar el aniversario del inicio de la Guerra Civil

    Catalonian anarchists supporting the Leftist Government of Premier Dr. Juan Negrin asked leave to stage anti-Fascist rallies and parades on the first birthday of Spain’s civil war last week, but were sternly repressed. Catalonia’s President Luis Companys cared to risk no street riots among his Communist, Anarchist, Socialist and Republican supporters, and anyhow Leftist Spain was grimly straining every resource in its first large offensive of the war.

  • 52 muertos en bombardeos aéreos

    52 muertos en bombardeos aéreos, de los cuales 48 identificados y 4 no.

  • Langston Hughes: un bombardeo aéreo

    HUGHES BOMBED IN SPAIN
    Tells of Terror of Fascist Raid
    Women, Children Huddled in Fear as Bombs Explode
    By LANGSTON HUGHES
    MADRID, Spain–I came down from Paris by train. We reached Barcelona at night. The day before there had been a terrific air raid in the city, killing almost a hundred persons in their houses and wounding a great many more. We read about it in the papers at the border: AIR RAID OVER BARCELONA.
    «Last night!» I thought, «Well, tonight I’ll be there.»
    […]
    It was almost midnight when we got to Barcelona. There were no lights in the town, and we came out of the station into pitch darkness. A bus took us to the hotel. It was a large hotel several stories hight which, before the Civil War, had been a fashionable stopping place for tourists.
    We had rooms on an upper floor. The desk clerk said that in case of air-raids we might come down into the lobby, but that a few floors more or less wouldn’t make much difference. The raids were announced by siren, but guests would be warned by telephone as well. That night there was no bombing, so we slept in peace.
    [The next day.]
    At midnight, the public radios began to blare forth the war-news, and people gathered in large groups on corners to hear it. Then the cafe closed and we went to the hotel. I had just barely gotten to my room and had begun to undress when the low extended wail of the siren began, letting us know that the fascist planes were coming. (They come from Mallorca across the sea at terrific speed, drop their bombs, and circle away into the night again.)
    Quickly, I put on my shirt, passed Guillén’s room, and together we started downstairs. Suddenly all the lights went out in the hotel, but we heard people rushing down the halls and stairways in the dark. A few had flashlights with them to find the way. Some were visibly frightened. In the lobby two candles were burning, casting weird, giantlike shadows on the walls.
    In an ever increasing wail the siren sounded louder and louder, droning its deathly warning. Suddenly it stopped. By then the lobby was full of people, men, women, and children, speaking in Spanish, English, and French. In the distance we heard a series of quick explosives.
    «Bombs?» I asked.
    «No, anti-aircraft gun,» a man explained.
    Everyone was very quiet. Then we heard the guns go off again.
    «Come here,» the man called, leading the way. Several of us went out on the balcony where, in the dark, we could see searchlights playing across the sky. Little round puffs of smoke from the anti-aircraft shells floated against the stars. In the street a few women hurried along to public bomb-proof cellars.
    Then for a long while nothing happened. After about an hour, the lights suddenly came on in the hotel again as a signal that the danger had passed.

  • Citando a Ignacio de Loyola, el gobierno español se muda a Barcelona

    … for the first time in modern history, a Spanish Government moved to Barcelona, the second move of the Leftist Government since the war started. Plenty of government bureaus remained in overcrowded Valencia. Signaling the move, Minister of the Interior Julian Zugazagoita made a radio speech containing two statements, neither of which would have been possible year ago when the Leftist Government first moved to Valencia:

    «The Government planned to go to Barcelona as early as last November but decided temporarily on Valencia. . . . Barcelona now in its turn has the significance of showing the clear fidelity of the Government toward Catalonia.

    «The Government is not obliged to appeal for obedience, but has the right to impose it. … We have come to agree with the sage formula of that exceptional captain of Christ, Saint Ignatius de Loyola, who imposed on his disciples silent obedience ‘until death.’ The task must be accomplished. We must win by our own strength alone.»

    Last November an admission that the Madrid Government dared not move to the then anarchist-ridden Catalan Barcelona, or words of praise for the founder of the powerful, much-feared Jesuit order, would have been tantamount to treason.

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos de principios de marzo

    [March 10, 1938, carta a su mujer, Mary]

    Less than a week ago there were nine air bombardments over the city in a period of 25 or 26 hours. They come at night these days, when it’s hard to sight them. In the evening mostly – and the first thing you hear is the muffled sound of an explosion, maybe two or three – the first bombs. Then the much sharper crack of anti-air guns is heard, and the worst sound of all, the warning signal begins to screech. If you go downstairs to the entrance of the house, which most of us do, you see the flares in the sky, and the momentary splotches of light; and the sky is criss-crossed with light beams trying to locate the bombers. And then the central power control shuts off all the light in the city, and we’re in complete darkness… [Aerial] bombardment is a little more terrifying [than the artillery barrages he had experienced in Madrid]… You never know where they are and in which direction they’re going. And even the tougher-minded remember what a building looks like after a 400-pound bomb has struck. You have to be calm about it; and you remember that there are 1,600,000 people in this refugee-swollen city, and that it will take more bombs than the fascists have to even make a dent in a city as large as this and on a population as big. But young women and old women can’t take it calmly; they cry in a soft, low, terribly-scared sort of whimper. Sometimes the kids cry too, but not so often; they generally play around with each other as if there’s nothing going on, and if their mothers let them, they go out to watch the searchlights in the sky.

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos del 16 de marzo

    A week later [Edwin] Rolfe writes (without mailing) a long letter to Leo about another series of raids. Given the risk of being in a collapsing building, the people where Rolfe is living dig a makeshift trench in the yard, some seven feet deep at points. It would be of no use in a direct hit, but it gives some sense of security. When the air raid sirens sound, they go downstairs and lie in the trench looking up at the sky:

    The moon was full again, and enabled us to see the planes, thousands of feet high, on one of the raids. Another time they descended so low that we could hear their motors. They hit a church, about a block and a half away from us, and we went over and saw them remove a dead body and two women, one with her foot amputated, the other with her thigh ending in a stump of blood at the knee… This morning’s paper says 400 dead and 600 wounded, and that’s only a preliminary count… The sound of an explosion close by, or the sight of a man lying on the street covered with a blanket, blood slowly oozing away from him, or the whistle of a bomb descending, is horrible.

  • Cómo Gran Bretaña puede aprender de los bombardeos de Barcelona

    To drive home how enormously more horrible the next World War will be than its predecessor, Professor Haldane cited cold figures: «Between January 1917 and November 1918, German aeroplanes dropped 71 tons of bombs on England. These killed 837 people. . . . On March 16-19, 1938, 41 tons of bombs were dropped on Barcelona by German and Italian aeroplanes. They killed about 1,300 people.»

    Thus, had the bombing of Barcelona continued at this maximum intensity for even one full week, both the total weight of bombs dropped and the total casualties in this city would have considerably exceeded what all England suffered in its worst 95 weeks of actual war. Measured thus coldly, the «horrors of bombing» have increased in 20 years nearly 10,000%.

    […]

    «The first air raids may not be on Central London at all but on the traffic jams around it,» warns Professor Haldane. «In Spain, at any rate, the German airmen seem to prefer to attack concentrated traffic, whether on wheel or on foot, rather than to bomb buildings, when they have the choice. … In Barcelona one dives for the nearest shelter, leaving one’s car in the street with the ignition key in place, so that it may be used by officials if necessary. … I would far rather be in Central London during a big air raid than in a traffic jam on the Barnet Bye-Pass or the Great West Road.»

  • Última parada de las Brigadas Internacionales en Barcelona

    Hoping to stir the League of Nations to order out the German and Italian troops in Franco’s army, Negrín sent home the International Brigades. On November 15, the foreign volunteers who were still alive paraded through Barcelona, while Negrín gave them thanks and La Pasionaria saluted them: «You can go proudly! You are history! You are legend!» Mussolini in response withdrew some Italian soldiers but left the majority in Spain. Hitler heeded Franco’s pleas for more arms on condition that Germany get critical Spanish mining rights.

  • Misa de Gallo en Calatayud a la espera del asalto final a Barcelona

    Quan les campanes de les diferents esglésies de Calatayud cridaven a missa de mitja nit en el Nadal de 1938, vareig sentir un goig que era impossible d’esplicar, i que no podien entendre els que sempre havien celebrat aquella diada.

    Davant del nostre quartel general, instal·lat en el casino principal de Calatayud, hi havia l’església de Sant Pere. Allí vàrem anar a oir la Missa del Gall la majoria dels que formàvem el «Cuartel General del Ejército de Levante» que comanava el tan recordat General Orgaz.

    Abans s’ens havia repartit un lot de llaminadures que la benemèrita organització de Fronts i Hospitals enviaba a tots els combatents d’Espanya en la nit de Nadal. Vull copiar aquí la seva composició, que l’he guardat en un vell carnet de notes d’aquells dies: Una capsa de codonyat, un troç de torró de massapà, un pot de mermelada, un paquet de cigarretes, un puro, caramels i admetlles, mitja lliure de xacolata, paper d’escriure i una ampolla de conyac per cada quatre soldats, amb la que poguérem curullar el reglamentari «janillo» per dues vegades.

    Després d’uns mesos de no tenir casa, ni família, ni posseir el més necessari, el gest d’aquelles noies i dames de la reraguardia, preocupant-se dels anònims soldats del front, era una cosa que arribava al fons de l’ànima.

    Aquell Nadal era ademés ple d’esperances. En la nit del dia abans–aquell 23 de desembre que havia de marcar una de les més lluminoses fites de la nostra guerra,–s’havia iniciat una ofensiva i precisament en la direcció que nosaltres, catalans, tant desitjàvem. L’avanç que s’iniciava per davant de Balaguer, no havia de parar fins arrivar a Port-Bou!…

    Feia dies que en els nostres meis, sentíem parlar de la operació «Turrón». (Aquest era el nom militar amb què després sabérem es volia designar l’ofensiva de Catalunya.) Però no crèiem que el «Turrón» amb tot i tan desitjar-lo, arrivés a tenir l’extensió i l’importància que tingué.

    Quant uns mesos després en que la pau ja era un fet a tot Espanya, pujava les rústegues escaletes que condueixen al santuari de la Vergé de la Penya, patrona de Calatayud, per a despedir-me i remerciar-la, encara recordava el tel d’emoció que cobria els meus ulls en la Missa del Gall d’aquell Nadal inoblidable, en el que pressentia palpablement, que dintre uns dies o setmanes, podríem tornar a les nostres llars, i allí refer les nostres vides capgirades per les malvestats passades en aquells tres anys.

  • Dionisio Ridruejo: alivio y alegría al entrar los nacionales

    El día 26 las tropas estaban sobre Pedralbes sin otro obstáculo que unos puestos de ametralladoras rápidamente desmontados. Pero se esperó a que estuvieran limpias las alturas del Tibidabo y de Montjuic para hacer la penetración. Cuando volvimos por la tarde ya estaba hecha. Como la ciudad estaba medio a oscuras decidimos dor­mir aún en Sitges. Al otro día, de mañana, bajamos por el paseo de Gracia a la plaza de Cataluña y a las Ramblas. Había un gentío enorme y efusivo, en el que predomi­naban las mujeres, algunas de las cuales casi se nos metían por las ventanillas de los coches. Era sensible que para una buena parte de la población la guerra había sido una larga pesadilla y aquel final casi incruento y quizá inesperado representaba una fiesta. No toda la ciudad estaría en el mismo talante, pero el espectáculo que ofrecían los barrios céntricos impresionó mucho a los primeros jefes militares que, sobre la marcha, pudieron utilizar la radio. El primero de ellos fue, si no me equivoco, Juan Bautista Sánchez, que pertenecía a la columna Solchaga y era un soldado ingenuo que años más tarde —es coincidencia— moriría ejerciendo, con dignidad muy libe­ral y austera, el mando supremo de la Región militar catalana. Tengo ante la vista el texto de su arenga:

    «Os diré en primer lugar a los barceloneses, a los catalanes, que os agradezco con toda el alma el recibimiento entusiasta que habéis hecho a nuestras fuerzas. También digo al resto de los españoles que era un gran error eso de que Cataluña era separa­tista, de que Cataluña era antiespañola…».

    No había recriminaciones ni amenazas y parecía un buen comienzo. Pero… (So­bre los peros y otras cosas versará la segunda parte de este episodio.)

  • Pla publica su «lección terrible»

    De San Sebastián a Barcelona

    ¡Catalanes! ¡No olvidemos la lección terrible!

    Durante estos últimos meses, hemos tenido el honor de vivir en la España del General Franco, no a consecuencia de alguna determinación personal de tipo perfectamente voluntario y caprichoso, sino porque la banda criminal que ha gobernado Cataluña estos últimos treinta meses nos privó violentamente del derecho —como a tantos otros catalanes— de vivir en este país, que es el nuestro. Hemos tenido asimismo el alto honor de llegar a Barcelona inmediatamente después de la entrada en ella de las gloriosas tropas nacionales. Hemos podido gozar, pues, de una visión directa del estado en que ha dejado a nuestra querida ciudad la locura desatada que como un huracán de destrucción ha pasado sobre ella.

    Los catalanes tenemos fama de personas de buen sentido, equilibradas, ecuánimes, ponderadas. Tenemos en nuestra lengua vernácula una palabra que llamamos el «seny», que sintetiza, hasta donde es posible, la psicología de nuestro pueblo y que significa en definitiva, una tendencia a preferir las cosas concretas y positivas frente a las cosas nebulosas y vagas, un sentido de la medida, una capacidad para situarnos en la zona de la vida humana y un irreductible horror por todo lo que es cósmico, excesivo y desorbitado.

    Desde el punto de vista de la psicología catalana, lo que ha pasado en Cataluña es incomprensible. La visión de la Barcelona de hoy nos ha producido espanto. ¿Cómo es posible que un pueblo como este, haya podido hacer una horrorosa guerra civil —¡civil!—, se haya arruinado, haya pasado por innumerables vejaciones, por dolores indescriptibles, por sufrimientos profundos, por los tormentos más refinados de la abyección comunista en nombre de la clase política más vil, más perversa, más inmoral que recuerda quizá la Historia? ¿Cómo es posible que un pueblo tan plácido, tan conservador, de tan buena compañía, de tantas virtudes, haya obedecido durante dos años y medio a la caterva màs cobarde, màs enemiga del género humano que ha podido caer sobre un país civilizado?

    Nosotros creemos que el pueblo catalán está hov muy curado de criminales ilusiones, de pedanterías insoportables, de personajes que se llamaban honorables y han resultado unos simples criminales, de humanitarismos fáciles que chorrean sangre, de fantasías aparentemente inocuas y de efectos catastróficos, imponentes, mortales. El pueblo catalàn se encuentra hoy depauperado, escuàlido y arruinado. Tiene ante sí la labor inmensa de rehacerse a sí mismo, de elevar su tono, para rehacer y elevar el tono de España. Ha de emprender esta labor con el mayor entusiasmo, porque el motor de la memoria de lo que ha sufrido y de las vejaciones de que ha sido objeto, le infundirán fuerzas y entusiasmos redoblados. El pueblo catalàn ha de jurarse a sí mismo no olvidar jamás los nombres de sus falsos pastores, los efectos de las doctrinas que se le han infundido y le han resquebrajado, los tremendos sufrimientos morales y materiales que con sádica perversidad se han proyectado sobre este pueblo noble y desgraciado.

    X. X.