Historia de Barcelona

Etiqueta: guerra Civil Española

  • Thalheimer: Visita a una granja colectiva en Lérida, vuelta a París

    Tuesday 2 December 1936: In the morning visited ‘Good Homeland’, about 20 kilometres from Lérida. This property consists of several thousand hectares. There are large vineyards which produced between 5000 and 6000 hectolitres of wine this year. There are timber plantations (poplars) for the paper industry, and corn fields. Even before the uprising there was a POUM rural workers’ group of around 30 members. About 150 people are employed on the farm. After the uprising the property was confiscated and collectivised. The POUM sent five people to help run the place. They have a former accountant here, a POUM member from Barcelona. The different branches of production have workers’ commissions in charge. Wine is produced using modern methods — hydraulic presses made in Germany, huge cement cisterns, distillation equipment which manufacture alcohol from hops, cooling equipment, chemical laboratories, etc. Every year between 5000 and 6000 litres of alcohol are produced.

    The wages of rural workers have been raised to between seven and 10 pesetas a day. There is a shop and a café, both run by workers. The owner had built a huge church for one and a half million pesetas on the farm. This is now used as a silo. Nuns used to teach at the school, but they have been kicked out and replaced by a secular teacher.

    The farm house is an old castle with a high tower, from which a view stretches far into the distance. It is very modern inside. The rural workers live in miserable little houses, each with a tiny back garden. They will be rebuilt next year. Most of the furniture stayed in the castle, excluding the material that was sent to the front — beds and so on. You get the impression that the farm is successful under the new regime too. Difficulties could arise because only a tiny amount of capital (80 000 pesetas) was confiscated along with the farm. The owner was one of the big bourgeoisie and owned some more property near Barcelona, where some of the wine from the ‘Good Homeland’ was made into sparkling wine.

    The farm continues to produce the usual sparkling wine, red wine (tinto) and, from special grapes (16 to 18 grad) the so-called vino rancio, a wine which is exposed to sunlight for long periods of time. According to the farm director, it is not from wine production that the greatest return is yielded but rather from the cereal harvest. Some of the cattle were handed over for the front. The management of the farm is based on a system of mutual agreement and is directed by the Economic Council of the government. The farm has not been split up. I was told that much of the surrounding land was made up of similar large businesses, and that it was unnecessary to divide up the farm.

    Tuesday evening: Left Barcelona. Reached Figueras at 12 o’clock. Left Figueras early on Wednesday morning, crossed at Port-Bou to reach Perpignan. The French customs offices are about a kilometre from Port-Bou towards Cerbère. The French Customs were obviously quite sympathetic to the cause, as there was no customs search and just a brief passport control. In the clear sunlight we could see the snow covered mountains of the Pyrenees outside Perpignan, and below them vineyards, huge timber plantations, etc. On the journey from Port-Bou to Cerbère and from Cerbère to Perpignan many of the labourers who were working on the roads and so on greeted the car with a clenched fist. Reached Perpignan at 2.43. Paris Thursday morning at seven o’clock.

  • La Generalidad y la supuesta desnacionalización de Cataluña

    LA INVASIÓ AL·LÒGENA A CATALUNYA

    He rebut una lletra d’En Ribó parlant-me de la impressió que li ha fet rellegir ara el llibre de Vandellós Catalunya, poble decadent. Em copia els paràgrafs de Conrado Girú explicant com un poble pot ésser desnacionalitzat pel fet d’ésser la seva població submergida per gent al·lògena de major capacitat reproductiva.

    Justament avui mateix rebo notícies de la formidable immigració que sofreix ara Catalunya: de primer, els refugiats d’Irun; ara, els fugitius de Madrid; demà, seran els habitants de la Manxa i d’Aragó. I aquesta torrentada immigratòria no cau sols a Barcelona sinó que s’escampa per tot Catalunya: Vilafranca, Banyoles… Pobra Catalunya!

    Coincidint amb la riuada immigratòria, la millor gent de Catalunya emigra o és assassinada: supressió – sobretot en qualitat – dels indígenes; immigració en massa d’al·lògens que cau sobre el terrer adobat de les immigracions precedents. Això significa que arreu, sense protesta, com a cosa normal acceptada i fins estimulada per poders catalans – i d’una Catalunya autònoma!, independent de fet! – s’està realitzant avui a la nostra terra un fet desconegut en l’Europa occidental però que, a Orient i centúries enrera, fou l’expressió màxima de la brutalitat d’un conqueridor quan volia destruir una raça vençuda: extermini o deportació d’indígenes i immigració d’al·lògens. Així, sobre el mateix territori, fins aprofitant el fruit del treball secular de la raça vençuda, una nova raça s’instaura.

    El que mai s’atreviren a fer a Catalunya ni romans, ni visigots, ni alarbs, ni castellans, ni francesos, s’està fent sota el signe de l’autonomia catalana.

    Examinant la llista de l’actual govern autònom català s’hi troben ja els representants dels invasors. Ja en les sessions del govern autònom de Catalunya no es pot parlar en català, perquè hi ha ministres que no entenen la nostra llengua.

  • TIME: las batallas internas de los nacionalistas e izquierdistas complican la lucha

    That no simple civil war of two Spains, Leftists and Rightists, is being fought, made itself clear again last week as some other Spains became active afresh, notably the Basques and the Catalonians. These regions are violently separatist, even when Spain is at peace. The fact that today Catalonians and Basques are both classed as being with the Leftists of Valencia and Madrid makes them no less rugged individualists.

    In Barcelona, the capital of more or less autonomous Catalonia (through which supplies for Madrid enter Spain in a steady stream), local President Luis Companys umpired a heroic political dogfight in which the Cabinet of this one of the Spains fell. At last Barcelona’s quarreling hot anarchists & communists and warmed-over socialists & republicans grew so helplessly embroiled that most of them seemed relieved when President Companys agreed last week to add the Premiership of Catalonia temporarily to his other offices and worries. Dispatches reaching Valencia said that what had chiefly been accomplished at Barcelona was to «oust the anarchists from their previous control of the police.»

  • Batalla de Torre Baró

    El domingo 18 de abril del citado año a las 6:00h. de la mañana el Comité Pro Ejército Popular Regular, responsable de la formación de nuevos combatientes, movilizó a un total de 6.500 hombres que participaron en unas maniobras destinadas a defender la ciudad de los ataques aéreos. Los voluntarios formaron dos columnas, una de las cuales atravesando el barrio de Horta llegó hasta Sant Cugat del Vallès (entonces llamada Pins del Vallès) mientras que la otra lo hizo hacia el norte de Sant Andreu (actual distrito de Nou Barris), ascendiendo por la sierra de las Roquetes hasta Torre Baró…

  • «Prohibido hablar en catalán»

    El día 4 algunas barriadas barcelonesas se hallaban en manos de la F.A.I. Tal ocurrió en Sants, donde los ‘bakunistas’ se habían apresurado a proclamar el comunismo libertario y a la entrada de la cual, frente a la misma Plaza de España, ondeaba un gigantesco cartel con esta leyenda: ‘República Independiente de Murcia. Aquí termina Cataluña. Prohibido hablar en catalán.

  • Asesinado el secretario general de UGT y consejero de la Generalidad, el sindicalista estalinista Antonio Sesé

  • Largo Caballero y Companys, decididos a derrotar a los anarquistas

    The entire effectiveness of the Leftist Government has been in the series of compromises making it possible for a mixed salad of political parties to work in some sort of harmony. Immediately behind last week’s Cabinet crisis was the brief Anarchist revolt in Barcelona of fortnight ago (TIME. May 17). Premier Largo Caballero and President Luis Companys of Catalonia are both secretly determined to put the Anarchists, most hot-headed of Leftist groups, in their places, but the Anarchists are politically potent.

  • La Batalla del Huevo causa problemas de convivencia

    [E]n esta Barcelona en que hoy vivimos, en la Barcelona de «la batalla del huevo», en que cada galería, cada balcón, cada terrado, se ha convertido en gallinero incipiente, los gallos cantan cuando les da la gana, cada uno a hora distinta o todos a coro a todas las horas, desde que anochece hasta que sale el sol…

    ¡En fin!… Es molesto… pero soportable. En la retaguardia de una guerra tan atroz como la nuestra, no se puede hablar de molestias, sino es burla, burlando, más para señalarlas, que para quejarse de ellas… Ahora: esa multiplicidad de corrales improvisados, esa aglomeración de gallinas, y pollos, y conejos en espacios reducidos, en núcleos ciudadanos de gran densidad, sin las indispensables condiciones de espacio y aireación, ¿no nos traerán, ahora que entra, de lleno, el verano, consecuencias más graves, más irreparables que la molestia del canto de los gallos al amanecer? Ya se advierte en Barcelona una invasión de moscas digna de los valles andorranos y se perciben emanaciones poco gratas… «Evitemos que la batalla del huevo se convierta en la guerra del tifus» nos dice un lector. Y su advertencia nos parece atinadísima.

    Pues la campaña de la «batalla del huevo» tuvo, sin duda, otra intención que la de convertir en corrales todos los balcones y todas las galerías. Y a esa intención—estricta—debe limitarse el ciudadano celoso, a un mismo tiempo de su alimentación… y de su higiene.

  • Companys deniega permiso a los anarquistas para conmemorar el aniversario del inicio de la Guerra Civil

    Catalonian anarchists supporting the Leftist Government of Premier Dr. Juan Negrin asked leave to stage anti-Fascist rallies and parades on the first birthday of Spain’s civil war last week, but were sternly repressed. Catalonia’s President Luis Companys cared to risk no street riots among his Communist, Anarchist, Socialist and Republican supporters, and anyhow Leftist Spain was grimly straining every resource in its first large offensive of the war.

  • 52 muertos en bombardeos aéreos

    52 muertos en bombardeos aéreos, de los cuales 48 identificados y 4 no.

  • Langston Hughes: un bombardeo aéreo

    HUGHES BOMBED IN SPAIN
    Tells of Terror of Fascist Raid
    Women, Children Huddled in Fear as Bombs Explode
    By LANGSTON HUGHES
    MADRID, Spain–I came down from Paris by train. We reached Barcelona at night. The day before there had been a terrific air raid in the city, killing almost a hundred persons in their houses and wounding a great many more. We read about it in the papers at the border: AIR RAID OVER BARCELONA.
    «Last night!» I thought, «Well, tonight I’ll be there.»
    […]
    It was almost midnight when we got to Barcelona. There were no lights in the town, and we came out of the station into pitch darkness. A bus took us to the hotel. It was a large hotel several stories hight which, before the Civil War, had been a fashionable stopping place for tourists.
    We had rooms on an upper floor. The desk clerk said that in case of air-raids we might come down into the lobby, but that a few floors more or less wouldn’t make much difference. The raids were announced by siren, but guests would be warned by telephone as well. That night there was no bombing, so we slept in peace.
    [The next day.]
    At midnight, the public radios began to blare forth the war-news, and people gathered in large groups on corners to hear it. Then the cafe closed and we went to the hotel. I had just barely gotten to my room and had begun to undress when the low extended wail of the siren began, letting us know that the fascist planes were coming. (They come from Mallorca across the sea at terrific speed, drop their bombs, and circle away into the night again.)
    Quickly, I put on my shirt, passed Guillén’s room, and together we started downstairs. Suddenly all the lights went out in the hotel, but we heard people rushing down the halls and stairways in the dark. A few had flashlights with them to find the way. Some were visibly frightened. In the lobby two candles were burning, casting weird, giantlike shadows on the walls.
    In an ever increasing wail the siren sounded louder and louder, droning its deathly warning. Suddenly it stopped. By then the lobby was full of people, men, women, and children, speaking in Spanish, English, and French. In the distance we heard a series of quick explosives.
    «Bombs?» I asked.
    «No, anti-aircraft gun,» a man explained.
    Everyone was very quiet. Then we heard the guns go off again.
    «Come here,» the man called, leading the way. Several of us went out on the balcony where, in the dark, we could see searchlights playing across the sky. Little round puffs of smoke from the anti-aircraft shells floated against the stars. In the street a few women hurried along to public bomb-proof cellars.
    Then for a long while nothing happened. After about an hour, the lights suddenly came on in the hotel again as a signal that the danger had passed.

  • Citando a Ignacio de Loyola, el gobierno español se muda a Barcelona

    … for the first time in modern history, a Spanish Government moved to Barcelona, the second move of the Leftist Government since the war started. Plenty of government bureaus remained in overcrowded Valencia. Signaling the move, Minister of the Interior Julian Zugazagoita made a radio speech containing two statements, neither of which would have been possible year ago when the Leftist Government first moved to Valencia:

    «The Government planned to go to Barcelona as early as last November but decided temporarily on Valencia. . . . Barcelona now in its turn has the significance of showing the clear fidelity of the Government toward Catalonia.

    «The Government is not obliged to appeal for obedience, but has the right to impose it. … We have come to agree with the sage formula of that exceptional captain of Christ, Saint Ignatius de Loyola, who imposed on his disciples silent obedience ‘until death.’ The task must be accomplished. We must win by our own strength alone.»

    Last November an admission that the Madrid Government dared not move to the then anarchist-ridden Catalan Barcelona, or words of praise for the founder of the powerful, much-feared Jesuit order, would have been tantamount to treason.

  • Pérdidas en Teruel, misa secreta en Barcelona

    Feia més dun any que la guerra durava. Cada dia que passava les privacions eren més grans, i la fe de molts trontollava. Havíem ja vist caure i desaparèixer a tants dels nostres millors!

    Per acabar-ho d’adobar, els diaris i les ràdios d’aquells dies anaven plens de la batalla de Terol, que es desenrotllava sota uns elements completament desfavorables. El fred i les nevades més terribles s’havien ensenyorit d’aquells paratges erms, i la lluita era ferotge, apocalíptica… Els diaris parlaven de conquestes i d’avanços que a voltes resultaven imaginaris. El Mansueto, l’estació del ferrocarril, el seminari, fins es parlava ja de la plaça «del Torico», aquella plaça irregular, porticada, amb tant regust de poble, on encara unes setmanas abans d’esclatar la revolta, m’hi havia passejat per sota les seves voltes tant plenes d’encisos, enmig de la jovenalla riallera i sorollosa que sempre han estat els aragonesos.

    No ens ho crèiem… Terol resistiria, Terol no es podia perdre… I amb aquesta esperança vàrem passar aquell Nadal, trist també, perquè encara no vèiem la fi de la nostra tragèdia.

    Un consol inefable vareig tenir enmig de tanta tribulació. En la tarda d’aquell Nadal, gràcies a un de tants sacerdots a qui no s’agraïrà mai la serena valentia en complir la seva santa missió en aquells dies de dol i de misèria, vareig pogué rebre la sagrada Comunió.

  • Aurora boreal vista desde Tibidabo, confusión en el frente de Aragón

    The 1938 aurora borealis

    The «aurora borealis» is a luminescent meteor, a phenomenon that frequently happens in areas close to the North Pole and which can also be seen in rather exceptional circumstances in regions of Central Europe. So the aurora borealis that could quite clearly be seen from the Pyrenees, and even from the top of the Tibidabo hill in Barcelona, on the 25th of January 1938, was an absolutely unusual occurrence. It was in fact a unique experience. There are no known accounts of any other event of that kind at such meridional latitudes.

    Furthermore, the phenomenon took place in the midst of war, thus causing terrible confusion and shock among the soldiers who were fighting on the Aragonese front. (…)

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos de principios de marzo

    [March 10, 1938, carta a su mujer, Mary]

    Less than a week ago there were nine air bombardments over the city in a period of 25 or 26 hours. They come at night these days, when it’s hard to sight them. In the evening mostly – and the first thing you hear is the muffled sound of an explosion, maybe two or three – the first bombs. Then the much sharper crack of anti-air guns is heard, and the worst sound of all, the warning signal begins to screech. If you go downstairs to the entrance of the house, which most of us do, you see the flares in the sky, and the momentary splotches of light; and the sky is criss-crossed with light beams trying to locate the bombers. And then the central power control shuts off all the light in the city, and we’re in complete darkness… [Aerial] bombardment is a little more terrifying [than the artillery barrages he had experienced in Madrid]… You never know where they are and in which direction they’re going. And even the tougher-minded remember what a building looks like after a 400-pound bomb has struck. You have to be calm about it; and you remember that there are 1,600,000 people in this refugee-swollen city, and that it will take more bombs than the fascists have to even make a dent in a city as large as this and on a population as big. But young women and old women can’t take it calmly; they cry in a soft, low, terribly-scared sort of whimper. Sometimes the kids cry too, but not so often; they generally play around with each other as if there’s nothing going on, and if their mothers let them, they go out to watch the searchlights in the sky.

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos del 16 de marzo

    A week later [Edwin] Rolfe writes (without mailing) a long letter to Leo about another series of raids. Given the risk of being in a collapsing building, the people where Rolfe is living dig a makeshift trench in the yard, some seven feet deep at points. It would be of no use in a direct hit, but it gives some sense of security. When the air raid sirens sound, they go downstairs and lie in the trench looking up at the sky:

    The moon was full again, and enabled us to see the planes, thousands of feet high, on one of the raids. Another time they descended so low that we could hear their motors. They hit a church, about a block and a half away from us, and we went over and saw them remove a dead body and two women, one with her foot amputated, the other with her thigh ending in a stump of blood at the knee… This morning’s paper says 400 dead and 600 wounded, and that’s only a preliminary count… The sound of an explosion close by, or the sight of a man lying on the street covered with a blanket, blood slowly oozing away from him, or the whistle of a bomb descending, is horrible.

  • Llegan 10 aviones de Stalin

    Thrifty Joseph Stalin belatedly bet another blue chip on the Spanish Loyalists last week in the form of ten splendid Soviet warplanes. Tons of other Soviet war paraphernalia have reached the Leftists in the past month via France. Amid wild cheering in recently bombed Barcelona, Soviet war birds in mass formation darkened the sky and last week the Leftist Cabinet reorganized itself for a last-minute effort to crawl between the jaws of defeat and wrench out the tonsils of victory.

  • El futuro líder de los conservadores británicos habla en Radio Barcelona

    I did not quite know what I was going to find, as this was our first experience of actual warfare … I imagined we might come to a wrecked city and find a terror-stricken people, haggard and worn … with rioting and looting and feelings running high … What we did find surprised us all … Everything is perfectly normal, life is going on almost as usual … people thronging the streets, sitting in cafes, laughing and talking with far from long faces … the liberty of the individual has impressed me greatly … There are no secret courts here. During the raids the same calmness and normal behaviour continues … people go quietly to a shelter, there is no sign of panic. But they realise what it all means, as people who have never seen them never can realise … the destruction of defenceless men, women, and children, bombed in unprotected villages, is most ghastly … I have seen the planes 200 feet above my head, heard the bombs, and the village I had passed through five minutes before was in ruins … Yet still the morale of the people is untouched.

  • Azaña propone «paz, piedad y perdón»

    La guerra civil está agotada en sus móviles porque ha dado exactamente todo lo contrario de lo que se proponían sacar de ella, y ya a nadie le puede caber duda de que la guerra actual no es una guerra contra el Gobierno, ni una guerra contra los gobiernos republicanos, ni siquiera una guerra contra un sistema político: es una guerra contra la nación española entera, incluso contra los propios fascistas, en cuanto españoles, porque será la nación entera quien la sufra en su cuerpo y en su alma.

  • Cómo Gran Bretaña puede aprender de los bombardeos de Barcelona

    To drive home how enormously more horrible the next World War will be than its predecessor, Professor Haldane cited cold figures: «Between January 1917 and November 1918, German aeroplanes dropped 71 tons of bombs on England. These killed 837 people. . . . On March 16-19, 1938, 41 tons of bombs were dropped on Barcelona by German and Italian aeroplanes. They killed about 1,300 people.»

    Thus, had the bombing of Barcelona continued at this maximum intensity for even one full week, both the total weight of bombs dropped and the total casualties in this city would have considerably exceeded what all England suffered in its worst 95 weeks of actual war. Measured thus coldly, the «horrors of bombing» have increased in 20 years nearly 10,000%.

    […]

    «The first air raids may not be on Central London at all but on the traffic jams around it,» warns Professor Haldane. «In Spain, at any rate, the German airmen seem to prefer to attack concentrated traffic, whether on wheel or on foot, rather than to bomb buildings, when they have the choice. … In Barcelona one dives for the nearest shelter, leaving one’s car in the street with the ignition key in place, so that it may be used by officials if necessary. … I would far rather be in Central London during a big air raid than in a traffic jam on the Barnet Bye-Pass or the Great West Road.»