You may remember how the word Perejil (an island called Parsley) divided Spain into patriots and traitors following a Moroccan invasion in Aznar’s autumn. Here’s a passage from Mario Vargas Llosa’s La Fiesta del Chivo (The Feast of the Goat) in which dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo‘s US Marine trainer in the Dominican National Police, Simon Gittleman, has returned to Ciudad de Trujillo/Santo Domingo de Guzmán to receive an award for his services in the propaganda war against Kennedy and the communists. Gittleman wants to know more about the 1937 massacre of Haitian (migrant) labourers which established Trujillo’s bloody reputation:
“Is it true about the parsley, Your Excellency? That to distinguish Dominicans from Haitians you made all the blacks say perejil? And the ones who couldn’t pronounce it properly had their heads cut off?”
“I’ve heard that story.” Trujillo shrugged. “It’s just idle gossip.”
A poem by Rita Dove which impressed the Clinton White House tells it another way:
Now
the general sees the fields of sugar
cane, lashed by rain and streaming.
He sees his mother’s smile, the teeth
gnawed to arrowheads. He hears
the Haitians sing without R’s
as they swing the great machetes:
Katalina, they sing, Katalina,
mi madle, mi amol en muelte. God knows
his mother was no stupid woman; she
could roll an R like a queen. Even
a parrot can roll an R!
Although Dove claims to have researched her linguistics, I think she may be confusing Haitians with their close neighbours, the Japanese. This short phonology says that
/r/ in Haitian Creole is not pronounced like English /r/ at all. Before rounded vowels it is pronounced [w] and is written that way, e.g., wouj ‘red’. In other cases it is pronounced as a velar[F].
This Haitian Creole dictionary’s version of perejil—pèsi–suggests that that, if the story is more than idle gossip, Michele Wucker (Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola, 1999, sourced here) may be closer to the truth:
For Haitians away from their homes, in the streets or in the fields, the soldiers applied a simple test. Since Haitians are considerably darker than most Dominicans, soldiers would accost a man or woman with dark skin. Holding up sprigs of parsley, Trujillo’s men queried their prospective victims: ‘Como se llama ésto?’ ‘What is this thing called?’ The terrified victim’s fate lay in his pronunciation of the answer. For Haitians, whose Kreyol language uses a wide, flat ‘R’, it is difficult to pronounce the trilled ‘R’ in the Spanish word for parsley, ‘perejil.’ If the word came out as the Haitian ‘pe’sil,’ or a bastardized Spanish ‘pewehí’ the victim was condemned to die.
Not a few Spanish Republicans were welcomed to the Dominican Republic by Trujillo following their defeat in the Spanish civil war. I don’t know, however, whether the Spanish right and left differ in their ability to roll their Rs.
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