Historia de Barcelona

Etiqueta: portbou

  • La revolución, ¿ganando en Cataluña?

    BARCELONA RUNS WITH BLOOD.
    Fighting Continues and Reinforcements Are Blocked by Strikers.

    PARIS, July 29. — Spanish couriers from Barcelona arriving at Cerbere on the frontier report that artillery is battering the barricades, behind which the insurgents are fighting desperately. Heavy fighting is in progress on the Rambla, in San Anne Square, and the Calle del Espino.

    The gutters are running with blood. The number of dead and wounded cannot be estimated, but it is believed to be heavy.

    Attempts on the Captain General continue as he disposes the position of the troops.

    The Military Governor of Barcelona published a decree to-day ordering the inhabitants of the city to return to their homes. After twenty-four hours any one found in the streets is liable to be shot on sight.

    Many instances of soldiers refusing to fire on the mobs are reported. A Lieutenant of infantry threatened to shoot a policeman who was about to fire his revolver into the crowds.

    The Government forces, failing to make headway, ahve been obliged to act on the defensive, attacking only when absolutely compelled by the menacing position of the revolutionists.

    The situation is further complicated by the spread of the general strike ordered by the labor organizations of Barcelona two days ago. The indications are that the strike will spread to the provinces of Lerida, Gerona, and Tarragona, but no definite news has been received from these points.

    The terror-stricken people are fleeing from the larger towns to the open country and the small villages, where there is less exposure to danger.

    Five convents and several private residences have been burned at Llanza, where the excitement is growing.

    Grave events are expected at Figueras… Comparative calm had been restored when orders were issued to the recruits to report for duty. The entire population is preparing to resist. The Portbou express left Figueras this morning, but stopped at Llanza, where the track had been blown up by dynamite.

    At Junquera … telegraph poles have been chopped down. All places where public funds have been deposited are guarded by the military. Business is at a complete standstill. The merchants are panic stricken and are placing their funds in foreign banks for safekeeping.

    Advices from Granollers … state that two convents have been burned to the ground.

    At Cassadelaselva the civil guard was disarmed by the mob and imprisoned in the barracks. The call to the colors of the reservists of 1906 and 1907, who are on leave, was without result, not a single reservist reporting for duty.

    The situation in Barcelona is rendered desperate by the absence of a sufficient military force capable of putting down the revolutionists. This condition results from the dispatch of all available troops to Melilla. The garrisons throughout Catalonia have thus been reduced to 6,000 men, while the revolutionists at Barcelona and adjacent towns far exceed that number.

    The Government forces are also scattered by the need of quelling outbreaks at many detached points. The isolation of the province, owing to the destruction of railways, gave the revolutionary element and strikers forty-eight hours to make uninterrupted preparations to cut off the arrival of reinforcements. They are thus masters of the situation.

    The line from Madrid to Barcelona is a scene of desolation. Trenches many feet wide have been cut across the railway embankments in the country districts. The small bridges spanning the streets in several towns have been pulled down.

    The arrival of reinforcements, so urgently needed by the Government forces, is retarded by the destruction of railroads and the avenues of communication leading to the city. The revolutionists are heavily armed with muskets, knives, and revolvers. They have an effective organization and hospital equipment which promptly looks after the dead and wounded.

    The Government is now seeking to relieve the city by sea, as the land communications are interrupted. All available ships are being hurried to Barcelona.

    Whethere there is an ulterior political purpose behind the revolutionary uprising throughout Catalonia is not yet clear. Outwardly the movement is thus far a protest against the Government’s war policy in Morocco and its levy of large reserve for war purposes.

  • Las calles de Barcelona, relaciones entre el POUM y otros partidos

    Left Perpignan with the two Swiss comrades and a comrade from the POUM at 12.30 hours. The border control at the French border town of Cerbère took place on the train and went quite quickly without problems. The Spanish border town is Port-Bou, and you arrive there in a few minutes through a tunnel. The controls there are carried out predominantly by the CNT people and they are very thorough. Due to the presence of comrades from the POUM our control went through very quickly.

    Left Port-Bou for Barcelona at about three o’clock. The train had been taken over by the CNT, and they carried out a very careful passport check on the way to Barcelona. The third class compartments of the train were very overcrowded. Everybody there was a worker, or at least was wearing workers’ clothes, or military people, etc. The atmosphere was lively, cheerful and confident. As we reached the outskirts of Barcelona the Internationale was being sung in several carriages. At the station there was a further baggage check.

    The POUM comrade took us from the station to the Hotel Falcón in the Ramblas (the main street) where we were immediately billeted. From there the POUM comrade took us on to the Executive Committee of the POUM, where I met Arquer who had been at the Brussels conference. I also met Bonet, the treasurer of the Executive Committee. I told them the purpose of my visit and gave the treasurer $200 from the American CP(O). He told me that an official receipt would appear in La Batalla and in other POUM papers. In reply to my question Arquer told me that an international conference would take place in mid-January. The POUM regarded the Brussels conference as a failure. Arquer explained to me that he found it incomprehensible and contradictory that we should reject the politics of the Communist International but accept the internal politics of the Soviet Union. I tried to enlighten him as to our position in this matter, but I did not get the impression that I was successful. Arquer and Bonet belong to the Maurín wing of the POUM.

    The former Trotskyists who are on the Executive Committee come fairly close to defending the Trotskyist position on the Soviet Union. The others make concessions to this Trotskyist position but do not adhere to it too closely. But it is quite clear from their official papers that the Maurín wing rejects our position on the Soviet Union. However, it must be added that, according to the statements of our German comrades, who are closely connected with the POUM membership, it would seem that some of the members are very critical of their Executive’s position on the Soviet Union. This is not an insignificant point. It stems mainly from a reaction to the change of line adopted by the Soviet Union in respect of delivery of weapons and food to Spain. However, the mood of the POUM members can be summed up like this: they want a good and friendly relationship with the Soviet Union and reject any anti-Bolshevik tendencies, but they are nevertheless determined to prevent any Soviet and Comintern influence on their policies in Spain or Catalonia.

    The membership is quite convinced that it is they who should determine policy in Catalonia, and are therefore not interested in being dictated to by the representatives of the Comintern and the Soviet Union. This especially hits home as regards the policy of the Popular Front and their slogan, ‘For the Defence of Bourgeois Democracy’, which is expressed on a whole number of issues formulated by the party of the Comintern in Catalonia, the PSUC. There is sharp opposition to the PSUC. Every day there are vigorous polemics in the POUM and PSUC papers. The POUM’s attitude to the PSUC largely determines the attitude of the POUM membership to the politics of the Comintern.

    The Ramblas is crowded with people until late at night. The cafés and bars are all full. The public appears thoroughly proletarian according to their clothes and so on. There are few bourgeois around. You get the impression that the town is thoroughly controlled by proletarian elements. The houses are plastered with posters from the CNT, FAI, POUM and PSUC. There are hardly any posters from the Esquerra to be seen anywhere. Along the Ramblas a row of large kiosks with newspapers, books and portraits have been set up by individual political parties. The proletarian appearance of the crowds makes the street scenes reminiscent of Moscow in the immediate post-revolutionary years. There are a lot of milicianos in leather or silk jackets, and countless workers’ patrols carrying weapons. It is rare to see the khaki of a regular soldier’s uniform. The only police are traffic police in blue uniforms and white pith helmets. These police no longer have the power of arrest.

    Along the length of the Ramblas are countless loudspeakers bringing reports from the front and messages from abroad, and playing revolutionary and sometimes popular music. The crowds in the street seem lively, self confident and optimistic. There is not the vaguest glimmer of depression. The news broadcast over the loudspeakers is eagerly discussed by the masses. It would appear that, even in respect to the fate of Madrid,[The battle for Madrid began on 8 November 1936.] there is no nervousness. Unlike Moscow in the early years, the shops in the Ramblas are nearly all open for business.

    I met some of our comrades right away in the Hotel Falcón. By coincidence comrade [Karl Heidenreich] happened to be there too, on leave from the front. Here too the mood was thoroughly confident.

  • Misa de Gallo en Calatayud a la espera del asalto final a Barcelona

    Quan les campanes de les diferents esglésies de Calatayud cridaven a missa de mitja nit en el Nadal de 1938, vareig sentir un goig que era impossible d’esplicar, i que no podien entendre els que sempre havien celebrat aquella diada.

    Davant del nostre quartel general, instal·lat en el casino principal de Calatayud, hi havia l’església de Sant Pere. Allí vàrem anar a oir la Missa del Gall la majoria dels que formàvem el «Cuartel General del Ejército de Levante» que comanava el tan recordat General Orgaz.

    Abans s’ens havia repartit un lot de llaminadures que la benemèrita organització de Fronts i Hospitals enviaba a tots els combatents d’Espanya en la nit de Nadal. Vull copiar aquí la seva composició, que l’he guardat en un vell carnet de notes d’aquells dies: Una capsa de codonyat, un troç de torró de massapà, un pot de mermelada, un paquet de cigarretes, un puro, caramels i admetlles, mitja lliure de xacolata, paper d’escriure i una ampolla de conyac per cada quatre soldats, amb la que poguérem curullar el reglamentari «janillo» per dues vegades.

    Després d’uns mesos de no tenir casa, ni família, ni posseir el més necessari, el gest d’aquelles noies i dames de la reraguardia, preocupant-se dels anònims soldats del front, era una cosa que arribava al fons de l’ànima.

    Aquell Nadal era ademés ple d’esperances. En la nit del dia abans–aquell 23 de desembre que havia de marcar una de les més lluminoses fites de la nostra guerra,–s’havia iniciat una ofensiva i precisament en la direcció que nosaltres, catalans, tant desitjàvem. L’avanç que s’iniciava per davant de Balaguer, no havia de parar fins arrivar a Port-Bou!…

    Feia dies que en els nostres meis, sentíem parlar de la operació «Turrón». (Aquest era el nom militar amb què després sabérem es volia designar l’ofensiva de Catalunya.) Però no crèiem que el «Turrón» amb tot i tan desitjar-lo, arrivés a tenir l’extensió i l’importància que tingué.

    Quant uns mesos després en que la pau ja era un fet a tot Espanya, pujava les rústegues escaletes que condueixen al santuari de la Vergé de la Penya, patrona de Calatayud, per a despedir-me i remerciar-la, encara recordava el tel d’emoció que cobria els meus ulls en la Missa del Gall d’aquell Nadal inoblidable, en el que pressentia palpablement, que dintre uns dies o setmanes, podríem tornar a les nostres llars, i allí refer les nostres vides capgirades per les malvestats passades en aquells tres anys.

  • Una «operación policial» sustituye a la guerra civil

    Early this week Loyalist resistance in northern Catalonia collapsed, and in a swift advance northward from Gerona the Rebel Armies of Generalissimo Francisco Franco occupied Figueras, for eleven days the fourth capital of Loyalist Spain. As last as their transport could keep up with them, they bore down on the frontier towns of Port-Bou, La Junquera and Puigcerda. It was only a matter of hours before the Generalissimo would wipe out the only remaining Loyalist territory in northern Spain and be master of the Spanish side of the French-Spanish frontier from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean. A Republican official told correspondents the Rebels’ offensive was no longer a military operation, it was «a police job.»