Historia de Barcelona

Etiqueta: comunismo

  • Comunismo, separatismo, anarquismo

    Companys & Co.

    The Spanish spotlight, focused for the past month on the Basque capital at Bilbao, swung last week to Barcelona, greatest industrial city in Spain and chief port remaining in Leftist hands. Catalan Barcelona, like Basque Bilbao, is the capital of a group of Spain’s 50 provinces, which since the Revolution have tended to become more & more autonomous. Unlike Bilbao, Barcelona has not been seriously threatened by Rightists since the first weeks of the civil war.

    Rugged individualists like most Spaniards, the Barcelonians have decked their buildings with many a discordant banner: the five-barred red-&-yellow flag of Catalonia, the red-yellow-&-purple of the Valencia Republic, the red flag of Communism, the black-&-red banner of Anarcho-Syndicalists. There are a number of other parties of varying opinions, all demanding a share in the Government. Nowhere else in the world are Communists so decisively ranked among the conservatives. That is because in Catalonia, Communists believe in discipline, as opposed to the free-for-all philosophy of the pure Anarchists, largest and most troublesome group in the state. The main reason that government is possible at all in Catalonia is due to the extraordinary talent for compromise of Catalonia’s president, excitable Luis Companys. President Companys has been in & out of jails much of his political career, has long fought for Catalan independence, speaks of Spain as «the Iberian Peninsula.» His technique with his spluttering allies is to promise them everything with the greatest goodwill. This worked moderately well for many months in keeping peace in Barcelona, but did nothing at all to help the hard-pressed Leftist armies fight the war. President Companys was too busy keeping peace at home to send many men to the front.

    Suddenly last week the Companys technique did not work at all. Late at night telephone communications with France were mysteriously cut. Hours later the story began to filter out of Barcelona that Anarchists had revolted against the Companys Government. Almost instantly jumbled barricades sprang up along the tree-lined Ramblas. The streets echoed with the Carong! Carong! of machine guns, the Hahp! of light artillery. Immediate objective of the Anarchist Black-&-Reds was the Barcelona telephone exchange, a building almost as imposing as the telephone skyscraper of Madrid. This they seized and held for seven hours. Hero of the revolt then became Barcelona’s Police Chief Rodriguez Sola, who personally led a frontal attack on the building, captured the first floor, methodically started mopping up from stair to stair.

    Loudly President Companys called for peace and unity to face the common foe, warned that the Catalans were leaving the way open for a raid from General Franco’s Rightists. No such raid came, but before peace was restored over 300 people had been killed and according to reports the Valencia Government, to police Barcelona, had had to withdraw 12.000 badly needed troops from the Aragon front. Heretofore careful to avoid mixing in local Catalan squabbles, Valencia also moved in General Sebastian Pozas to be military commander of Catalonia.

    […]

  • Subida en la reputación del POUM

    [Cita de Lois Cusick (1979). The anarchist millenium, memories of the Spanish revolution, 1936-37. Unpublished.]

    [On Tuesday], the city was in the grip of a complete work stoppage.

    The Patrols of Control took Montjuic fortress and trained its cannon on the Palau de la Generalitat … The block-long Popular Army poster on the communist Karl Marx House came down to reveal machine guns controlling the Passeig de Gracia, which the defense committees took over … Tuesday morning, the C.N.T. printers allowed only two papers to appear, Solidarida Obrera and the P.O.U.M.’s La Batalla … The Friends of Durruti and the genuine Trotskyites (Munis and Moulin) separately printed handbills calling for a revolutionary Junta to take over the government buildings. Josep Rebull’s P.O.U.M. left wing tried to win over the syndicalists at the barricades in another part of town for a march on the government buildings. Nothing came of these isolated initiatives … But the reputation of the P.O.U.M. shot up in the anarchist ranks. C.N.T.-F.A.I.-P.O.U.M. was the password at the barricades.

  • La CNT pierde el control sobre sus miembros, que se pelean con la UGT

    [Cita de Lois Cusick (1979). The anarchist millenium, memories of the Spanish revolution, 1936-37. Unpublished.]

    Wednesday morning the general strike continued. The workers stayed at the barricades and ignored Casa C.N.T.’s orders [to abandon the strike and leave the barricades]. The city’s life was suspended in a will conflict between the anarchist masses and their leadership … The communists tried to take advantage of their truce with Casa C.N.T. to put the city’s bus system back to work. They used U.G.T. members the anarchists had always said were scabs from a big strike years ago. The sight of their red and black pointed trams run by communist scabs started the fighting all over. Barricades went up across the tracks, and the trams stopped running.

  • Langston Hughes: un bombardeo aéreo

    HUGHES BOMBED IN SPAIN
    Tells of Terror of Fascist Raid
    Women, Children Huddled in Fear as Bombs Explode
    By LANGSTON HUGHES
    MADRID, Spain–I came down from Paris by train. We reached Barcelona at night. The day before there had been a terrific air raid in the city, killing almost a hundred persons in their houses and wounding a great many more. We read about it in the papers at the border: AIR RAID OVER BARCELONA.
    «Last night!» I thought, «Well, tonight I’ll be there.»
    […]
    It was almost midnight when we got to Barcelona. There were no lights in the town, and we came out of the station into pitch darkness. A bus took us to the hotel. It was a large hotel several stories hight which, before the Civil War, had been a fashionable stopping place for tourists.
    We had rooms on an upper floor. The desk clerk said that in case of air-raids we might come down into the lobby, but that a few floors more or less wouldn’t make much difference. The raids were announced by siren, but guests would be warned by telephone as well. That night there was no bombing, so we slept in peace.
    [The next day.]
    At midnight, the public radios began to blare forth the war-news, and people gathered in large groups on corners to hear it. Then the cafe closed and we went to the hotel. I had just barely gotten to my room and had begun to undress when the low extended wail of the siren began, letting us know that the fascist planes were coming. (They come from Mallorca across the sea at terrific speed, drop their bombs, and circle away into the night again.)
    Quickly, I put on my shirt, passed Guillén’s room, and together we started downstairs. Suddenly all the lights went out in the hotel, but we heard people rushing down the halls and stairways in the dark. A few had flashlights with them to find the way. Some were visibly frightened. In the lobby two candles were burning, casting weird, giantlike shadows on the walls.
    In an ever increasing wail the siren sounded louder and louder, droning its deathly warning. Suddenly it stopped. By then the lobby was full of people, men, women, and children, speaking in Spanish, English, and French. In the distance we heard a series of quick explosives.
    «Bombs?» I asked.
    «No, anti-aircraft gun,» a man explained.
    Everyone was very quiet. Then we heard the guns go off again.
    «Come here,» the man called, leading the way. Several of us went out on the balcony where, in the dark, we could see searchlights playing across the sky. Little round puffs of smoke from the anti-aircraft shells floated against the stars. In the street a few women hurried along to public bomb-proof cellars.
    Then for a long while nothing happened. After about an hour, the lights suddenly came on in the hotel again as a signal that the danger had passed.

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos de principios de marzo

    [March 10, 1938, carta a su mujer, Mary]

    Less than a week ago there were nine air bombardments over the city in a period of 25 or 26 hours. They come at night these days, when it’s hard to sight them. In the evening mostly – and the first thing you hear is the muffled sound of an explosion, maybe two or three – the first bombs. Then the much sharper crack of anti-air guns is heard, and the worst sound of all, the warning signal begins to screech. If you go downstairs to the entrance of the house, which most of us do, you see the flares in the sky, and the momentary splotches of light; and the sky is criss-crossed with light beams trying to locate the bombers. And then the central power control shuts off all the light in the city, and we’re in complete darkness… [Aerial] bombardment is a little more terrifying [than the artillery barrages he had experienced in Madrid]… You never know where they are and in which direction they’re going. And even the tougher-minded remember what a building looks like after a 400-pound bomb has struck. You have to be calm about it; and you remember that there are 1,600,000 people in this refugee-swollen city, and that it will take more bombs than the fascists have to even make a dent in a city as large as this and on a population as big. But young women and old women can’t take it calmly; they cry in a soft, low, terribly-scared sort of whimper. Sometimes the kids cry too, but not so often; they generally play around with each other as if there’s nothing going on, and if their mothers let them, they go out to watch the searchlights in the sky.

  • Edwin Rolfe: los bombardeos del 16 de marzo

    A week later [Edwin] Rolfe writes (without mailing) a long letter to Leo about another series of raids. Given the risk of being in a collapsing building, the people where Rolfe is living dig a makeshift trench in the yard, some seven feet deep at points. It would be of no use in a direct hit, but it gives some sense of security. When the air raid sirens sound, they go downstairs and lie in the trench looking up at the sky:

    The moon was full again, and enabled us to see the planes, thousands of feet high, on one of the raids. Another time they descended so low that we could hear their motors. They hit a church, about a block and a half away from us, and we went over and saw them remove a dead body and two women, one with her foot amputated, the other with her thigh ending in a stump of blood at the knee… This morning’s paper says 400 dead and 600 wounded, and that’s only a preliminary count… The sound of an explosion close by, or the sight of a man lying on the street covered with a blanket, blood slowly oozing away from him, or the whistle of a bomb descending, is horrible.

  • Llegan 10 aviones de Stalin

    Thrifty Joseph Stalin belatedly bet another blue chip on the Spanish Loyalists last week in the form of ten splendid Soviet warplanes. Tons of other Soviet war paraphernalia have reached the Leftists in the past month via France. Amid wild cheering in recently bombed Barcelona, Soviet war birds in mass formation darkened the sky and last week the Leftist Cabinet reorganized itself for a last-minute effort to crawl between the jaws of defeat and wrench out the tonsils of victory.

  • Ricardo del Río: la escenificación de la victoria

    La mañana del día 26 como presagiando lo que poco después del mediodía había de producirse. Pocas personas en las calles. Gestos tristes en los que habían visto cómo sus familiares habían abandonado Barcelona para no se sabía cuánto tiempo y otros con semblante alegre, ya que ansiaban el final que se avecinaba para dar rienda suelta a su alegría.

    Un breve cañoneo a las diez de la mañana cayendo los proyectiles en la Plaza de España, altos de Montjuich y algunas calles de la barriada de Sans y más tarde se realiza el asalto al famoso monte vigía del puerto de Barcelona. Defendiéndole unos cuantos soldados de Infantería que en cuanto vieron aparecer la primeras fuerzas enemigas arrojaban sus armas. No fueron hechos prisioneros, sino que desembarazdos del arma que les habían dado en el Ejército republicano, les fue entregado un fusil del Ejército nacionalista y colocados en vanguardia. Esta operación se realizó simultáneamente en Vallvidrera y Tibidabo, deteniéndose un momento el avance para sacar a los presos que había en el famoso castillo y en la prisión establecida en lo que había sido Pueblo Español de la Exposición de Barcelona, entre los que se encontraba el Teniente Coronel Domingo Rey d’Harcourt encargado de la defensa de Teruel cuando fue tomado por la República y que todavía no había sido juzgado.

    A la una de la tarde acuerdan realizar la entrada de la ciudad catalana, y dos columnas, una que baja de Montjuich hacia la Plaza España, siguiendo la calle de Cortes a las Ramblas y otras que descendiendo del Tibidabo toma la calle de Muntaner hasta la Diagonal, siguiendo esta Avenida hasta el Paseo de Gracia. No entraron fuerzas extranjeras. Estas se quedaron en retaguardia. Soldados navarros, que habían llevado el peso de las operaciones, unidades gallegas y algunas banderas del Tercio, fueron los primeros en cruzar las calles vacías de Barcelona. Más tarde llegaron moros y los generales Yagüe y Eliseo Álvarez Arenas, y después el General Jefe del Ejército del Norte.

    No quisieron evitar la salida de Barcelona de cuantos quisieran marcharse. Si hubieran deseado lo contrario, retrasan unas horas la entrada, desciende[n] por la ladera izquierda del Tibidabo y dirigiéndose al la carretera de Granollers hubieran cortado toda salida de Barcelona. De la forma en que se llevó a cabo fue posible que numerosas personas que no habían creído, llevadas de un optimismo ignorante, en la segura y próxima caída de la capital catalana, evacuasen la ciudad. Asíe se presenciaron espectáculos dignos de relatar en los que unos a otros y mientras en rápida carrera se dirigían a la carretera de salida, se fuesen avisando con estas voces: ¡Los facciosos están esquina la calle de Aribau! ¡Ya bajan por el Paseo de Gracia! Todo esto fue presenciado por muchos de los que habían salido de Barcelona hacía 48 horas y que habían podido regresar por la razón antedicha a realizar alguna función de su empleo o a recoger a algún familiar. Se supo de este modo rápidamente hasta el menor detalle de la toma de Barcelona.

    Un detalle de la ignorancia en que se encontraron los ciudadanos de Barcelona del momento culminante de la entrada de los soldados de Franco, debido a la casi nula lucha, es que las emisoras de Barcelona seguían funcionando con el personal antiguo y cumpliendo su programa normal como si continuase el Gobierno de la República, haciéndose cargo dos horas después de estar la ciudad en su poder de las emisoras un Teniente de Transmisiones, cuando el «speaker» de Radio Barcelona continuaba su labor como si nada hubiese ocurrido.

    Pasados los primeros momentos los elementos facciosos de la ciudad hicieron aparición y se hizo salir a la gente a la calle para que se animase el espectáculo de la Conquista de Barcelona. Más tarde un discurso del General Álvarez Arenas y unas órdenes del General Dávila fueron el botón final a las primeras fases de la entrada en Barcelona. Todo este relato se ajusta en un todo a la realida, ya que de la mayor parte de lo relatado fue testigo el que esto escribe y otros detalles han sido contados por personas de absoluta seriedad que tuvieron ocasión de presenciarlos.

  • Barcelona ha quedado cutre

    27 de març [1939]

    COM ES VIU AVUI A BARCELONA

    Segueixo parlant amb persones que tornen de Barcelona. Totes hi anaren amb il·lusió delirant; totes en tornen amb decepció profunda.

    Les destruccions materials no són tan grans com es temien; la situació econòmica, encara que dolenta, és en moltíssims casos millor del que es podia esperar. El que hi ha més greu és el fondíssim estrall que els dos anys i mig de dominació roja han fet en els habitants de Barcelona.

    D’antuvi, l’estrall material, el més aparent, el que impressiona els barcelonins que han viscut l’horrible tragèdia lluny de Barcelona: una terrible depauperació física els dóna l’aparença d’espectres; el seu abillament miserable els fa semblar captaires.

    Però l’estrall moral és molt major i més fondo que l’estrall físic: amb dos anys i mig de viure sota un règim proletari han pres ànima de proletaris. En tenen les idees, els costums, el llenguatge. El règim roig s’és acabat… però els barcelonins seguiexen vivint i pensant com si encara durés. Pesa més damunt d’ells la influència anivelladora i embrutidora dels dos anys i mig darrers que el record dels temps anteriors al fatídic juliol de 1936. Els xoca sentir com pensen i parlen els que han estat fora…, que parlen i pensen com abans ho feien ells.

    Els xoca vivament tota manifestació d’elegància, per modesta que sigui: un barret de senyora…, un bon abric d’home. no senten cap desig de reviure les comoditats, els refinaments i el luxe d’abans: estan resignats i s’hi troben bé a viure com sota el període del terror roig.

    És com si dos anys i mig haguessin pogut destruir tot el que l’acció de molts segles havia anat deixant sobre els habitants de Barcelona.

    I si no es recobra el desig de millorar el nivell de vida, un desig de refinament, de luxe, de diferenciació, la represa de la ciutat serà lenta, molt lenta.